1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 52 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Humans are unique in the extent to which they can reflect on themselves and others. Humans are a-ble to 1 , to think in abstract te
2、rms, to reflect on the future. A meaningless, 2 world is an insecure world. We do not like extensive insecurity. When it 3 to human behavior we infer meaning and 4 to make the behavior understandable. What all this means is that people develop “quasi theories“ of human behavior, that is, theories th
3、at are not developed in an objective, scientific 5 When doing so, people believe they know 6 humans do the things they do.Lets consider an example. In the United States people have been 7 with the increasing amount of crime for several years. The extent of crime bothers us; we ourselves could be 8 B
4、ut what also bothers us is that people behave in such ways. Why can such things happen? We develop quasi theories. We 9 concerned about the high crime rate, but we now believe we 10 it; our criminal justice system is 11 ; people have grown selfish and inconsiderate as our moral values 12 from the in
5、fluence of liberal ideas; too many people are 13 drugs. These explanations suggest possible solutions. 14 the courts; put more people in jail as 15 to other law breakers. There is hope that the problem of crime can be solved if only we 16 these solutions. Again, the world is no longer meaningless no
6、r 17 so threatening.These quasi theories 18 serve a very important function for us. But how accurate are they? How 19 will the suggested solutions be? These questions must be answered 20 how people normally go about developing or attaining their quasi theories of human behavior.（A）understand（B） reas
7、on（C） meditate（D）reckon（A）unanimous（B） unimaginable（C） disorganized（D）unpredictable（A）comes（B） gets（C） goes（D）amounts（A）initiatives（B） illustration（C） conclusions（D）motives（A）means（B） medium（C） manner（D）approach（A）whether（B） how（C） when（D）why（A）concerned（B） worried（C） disturbed（D）involved（A）preys（B）
8、 victims（C） casualties（D）sacrifices（A）retain（B） maintain（C） remain（D）refrain（A）know（B） understand（C） comprehend（D）grasp（A）deficient（B） precautious（C） destructive（D）inadequate（A）weaken（B） shrink（C） circumscribe（D）evade（A）with（B） against（C） for（D）on（A）Strengthen（B） Stiffen（C） Intensify（D）Consolidate（A
9、）examples（B） models（C） cases（D）samples（A）see to（B） work out（C） act on（D）come up with（A）quite（B） rather（C） very（D）much（A）moreover（B） otherwise（C） nevertheless（D）therefore（A）effective（B） efficient（C） proficient（D）sufficient（A）with respect to（B） as a result of（C） on behalf of（D）in line withPart ADirect
10、ions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 New ice core samples taken from the centre of the Greenland ice-sheet have given a detailed record of the last “interglacial period(间冰期)“ which range from about 135,000 to 115,000 years
11、ago. The cores, taken from a depth of 2,780 to 2,870 metres, show that during this period the climate oscillated(摆动) between three stages instead of remaining in one, as in the whole of recorded human history. The middle stage was like our own, but the others were either much colder or warmer.Worse,
12、 it seems that the climate flipped from one condition to another very rapidly. “It apparently took very little time, perhaps less than a decade or two, to shift between the stages,“ Dr. J. CW. White of the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research at the University of Colorado wrote earlier this year
13、in the scientific journal, Nature-. “We humans have built a remarkable socio-economic system during perhaps the only time when it could be built, when the climate was stable enough to let us develop the agricultural infrastructure (基础设施)required to maintain an advanced society. “We do not know why w
14、e have been so blessed. But if the Earth had an operating manual, the chapter on climate might begin with a warning that the system has been adjusted at the factory for optimum comfortso dont touch the dials.Unfortunately, we have been “twiddling the knobs(旋钮)“ for decades. In December 1995 the offi
15、cial Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change (IPCC), which represents the work of 2, 000 top meteorologists from around the world, concluded that global warming due to human activities is probably already taking place. Global warming sounds deceptively favorable to inhabitants of countries which
16、currently experience harsh winters. In fact, with global warming, the world would struggle to cope with the effects of even a steady, gradual warming. This was spelt out to members of the British Royal Society by Sir John Houghton, chairman both of Britains Royal Commission of Environmental Pollutio
17、n and of one of the main IPCC working groups. Houghton put forward the IPCC picture of seas flooding much of Egypt, Southern China and Bangladesh, making “many millions“ of people homeless of hordes of “environmental refugees“ and of wars breaking out over dwindling (becoming gradually smaller) fres
18、h water supplies, as world rainfall patterns changed.There is at least a chance that the world could adapt to steady warming if it happened slowly enough. However, many scientists, believe that even this prediction from the IPCC is too cautious.21 Which of the following is NOT true according to the
19、passage?（A）The climate in recorded human history has generally remained stable.（B） The climate from about 135,000 to 115,000 years ago was in an extremely cold state.（C） The human race has been lucky to have enjoyed the most favorable period Of climate for them to build a socio-economic system.（D）Th
20、e evidences scientists collected from the ice cores suggest that a civilization cannot have arisen in the period from about 135,000 to 115,000 years ago.22 According to the passage, the sentence “But if the Earth for optimum comfort“ (in the 3rd paragraph) means_.（A）there is an unseen hand controlli
21、ng the earths movement（B） there is an operating manual warning people against air-conditioning in the factory（C） people should prepare operating manuals to tell workers how to get greater comfort（D）people have been enjoying the most comfortable climate in Earths history23 What does “we have been twi
22、ddling the knobs for decades“ mean?（A）We have been changing the climate with thoughtless actions for decades.（B） We have been handling machines with poor skills for decades.（C） We have been following a misleading chapter about the earth for decades.（D）We have been mistaken in the belief in developin
23、g the agricultural infrastructure.24 It can be inferred from the passage that global warming is_.（A）harmful（B） irrelevant（C） favorable（D）desirable25 According to the author, IPCC pictures put forward by Houghton shows_.（A）effects of global warming（B） causes of global warming（C） examples of human dam
24、age to the environment（D）instances of natural disasters threatening human existence26 SoBig. F was the more visible of the two recent waves of infection because it propagated itself by e-mail, meaning that victims noticed what was going on. SoBig. F was so effective that it caused substantial disrup
25、tion even to those protected by anti-virus software. That was because so many copies of the virus spread (some 500,000 computers were infected) that many machines were overwhelmed by messages from their own anti-virus software. On top of that, one common counter-measure backfired, increasing traffic
26、 still further. Anti-virus software often bounces a warning back to the sender of an infected e-mail, saying that the e-mail in question cannot be delivered because it contains a virus. SoBig. F was able to spoof this system by “harvesting“ e-mail addresses from the hard disks of infected computers.
27、 Some of these addresses were then sent infected e-mails that had been doctored to look as though they had come from other harvested addresses. The latter were thus sent warnings, even though their machines may not have been infected.Kevin Haley of Symantec, a firm that makes anti-virus software, th
28、inks that one reason SoBig. F was so much more effective than other viruses that work this way is because it was better at searching hard-drives for addresses. Brian King, of CERT, an internet-security centre at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh, notes that, unlike its precursors, SoBig. F wa
29、s capable of “multi-threading z it could send multiple e-mails simultaneously, allowing it to dispatch thousands in minutes. Blaster worked by creating a “buffer overrun in the remote procedure call“. In English, that means it attacked a piece of software used by Microsofts Windows operating system
30、to allow one computer to control another. It did so by causing that software to use too much memory.Most worms work by exploiting weaknesses in an operating system, but whoever wrote Blaster had a particularly refined sense of humour, since the website under attack was the one from which users could
31、 obtain a program to fix the very weakness in Windows that the worm itself was exploiting.One way to deal with a wicked worm like Blaster is to design a fairy godmother worm that goes around repairing vulnerable machines automatically. In the case of Blaster someone seems to have tried exactly that
32、with a program called Welchi. However, according to Mr. Haley, Welchi has caused almost as many problems as Blaster itself, by overwhelming networks with “pings“signals that checked for the presence of other computers.Though both of these programs fell short of the apparent objectives of their autho
33、rs, they still caused damage. For instance, they forced the shutdown of a number of computer networks, including the one used by the New York Times newsroom, and the one organising trains operated by CSX, a freight company on Americas east coast. Computer scientists expect that it is only a matter o
34、f time before a truly devastating virus is unleashed.26 SoBig. F damaged computer programs mainly by_.（A）sending them an overpowering number of messages（B） harvesting the addresses stored in the computers（C） infecting the computers with an invisible virus（D）destroying the anti-virus software of the
35、computers27 Which of the following best defines the word “doctored“(Para. 1, Line 10)?（A）Falsified.（B） Cured.（C） Deceived.（D）Diagnosed.28 Compared with SoBig. F. Blaster was a virus that was_.（A）more destructive（B） more humorous（C） less vulnerable（D）less noticeable29 From the text we learn that Welc
36、hi _.（A）is a wicked worm causing as many damages as Blaster did（B） is a program designed by Haley to detect worms like Blaster（C） is a program intended to fix the infected machines（D）is a worm meant to defeat the virus with “pings“30 The tone of the text can best described as_.（A）optimistic and humo
37、rous（B） analytical but concerned（C） passionate but pessimistic（D）scholarly and cautious31 Of greatest interest to those concerned with the environmental aspects of solid waste management is the issue ofand the need forresource recovery and recycling. To many Americans, there is perhaps no greater sy
38、mbol of our imbalance with nature and our mal-adaptation to its realities than the fact that we discard millions of tons of wastes every year which do, in act, have value. The American people realize now that trash need not be mere junk. It has the potential of becoming a significant vein or resourc
39、es, a mother lode of opportunity for men of vision who can see beyond the horizon.The American people are right. And those who serve them can no longer view solid waste management solely in terms of collection and disposal. However, something more than the magic of science and technology is required
40、 to convert all this waste back into useful resources.In fact, in proportion to consumption, resource: recovery has been steadily losing ground in recent years in virtually every materials sector. Approximately 200 million tons of paper, iron, steel, glass, nonferrous metals, textiles, rubber and pl
41、astics flow through the economy yearlyand materials weighing roughly the same leave the economy again as waste. In spite of neighbor hood recycling projects, container recovery depots, paper drives, anti-litter campaigns, local ordinances banning the non-returnable bottle, and file emergence of valu
42、able new technological approaches, only a trickle of the “effluence of affluence“ is today being diverted from the municipal waste stream.The principal obstacles are economic and institutional, not technological. The cost of recovering, processing and transporting wastes is so high that the resultin
43、g products simply cannot compete, economically, with virgin materials. Of course, it the true costs of such economic “externalities“ as environmental impact associated with virgin materials use were reflected in production costs and if there were no subsidies to virgin materials in the form of deple
44、tion allowances and favorable freight rates, the use of secondary materials would become muck more attractive. But they are not now. There are no economic or technical events on the horizon, short of governmental intervention, that would indicate a reversal of this trend. If allowed to continue to o
45、perate as it does now, the economic system will continue to select virgin raw materials in preference to wastes. This fact should be etched into the awareness of those who look to recycling as a way out of the solid waste management dilemma.31 We can conclude from the passage that the scientific mea
46、ns for recycling solid waste_.（A）requires further research（B） is available now（C） remains to be developed（D）is still being experimented32 Which. of the following is NOT the reason why people prefer to use virgin materials than use secondary ones?（A）Production costs do not include the true costs of e
47、nvironmental impact.（B） There axe subsidies to virgin materials.（C） Using virgin materials can protect environment.（D）The secondary materials are more expensive.33 Which of the following is the fact concerning resource recovery?（A）The solid wastes can be cheaply recycled.（B） Resource recovery has be
48、come a significant vein of resource.（C） Governmental intervention is very important to solve the problems of recycling.（D）Solid waste management only involves collection and disposal.34 What does the authors attitude toward recycling solid waste?（A）Objection.（B） Detachment.（C） Approval.（D）Optimism.3
49、5 What is the best title for the passage2?（A）Virgin Materials and Secondary Materials.（B） What is Recycling.（C） Solid Waste Management.（D）Problems of Recycling.36 Addiction is such a harmful behavior, in fact, that evolution should have long ago weeded it out of the population: if its hard to drive safely under the influence, imagine trying to run from a saber-toothed tiger or catch a squirrel for lunch, And yet, says Dr. Nora Volkow, director of NIDA and a pioneer in the use of imaging to understand addiction, “the use of
