1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 88 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 American suffers from an overdose of work.【1】who they are or what they do, they spend【2】time at work than at any time since World W
2、ar. In 1950, the US had fewer working hours than any other【3】country. Today, it【4】every country but Japan, where industrial employees log 2,155 hours a year compared【5】1,951 in the US and 1,603【6 】West employees. Between 1969 and 1989, employed American【7】an average of 138 hours to their yearly work
3、 schedules. The work-week【8】at about 40 hours, but people are working more weeks each year.【9】, paid time off holidays, vacations, sick leave 【10 】15 percent in the 1990s.As Corporations have【 11】stiffer competition and slower growth in productivity, they would【12】employees to work longer. Cost-cutt
4、ing layoffs in the 1980s【13】the professional and managerial ranks, leaving fewer people to get the job done. In lower-paid occupations,【14】wages have been reduced, workers have added hours【15】overtime or extra jobs to【16】their living standard. The Government estimates that more than seven million pe
5、ople hold a second job.For the first time, large【17】of people say they want to cut【18】on working hours, even if it means earning less money. But most employers are【19】to let them do so. The government which has stepped back from its traditional【20】as a regulator of work time, should take steps to ma
6、ke shorter hours possible.（A）As regards to（B） Regardless of（C） With regard to（D）In regard to （A）much less（B） abundant（C） a lot more（D）surplus （A）advanced（B） industrialized（C） developed（D）mechanized （A）exceeds（B） outnumbers（C） overtakes（D）outstrips （A）with（B） to（C） in（D）on （A）in the former（B） of the
7、past（C） in the early（D）in the earlier （A）added（B） increased（C） brought（D）totaled （A）arrived（B） stopped（C） set（D）remained （A）However（B） Nevertheless（C） Moreover（D）And （A）lessened to（B） shrank by（C） deduced（D）restrained in （A）suffered（B） experienced（C） undertaken（D）endured （A）squash（B） squeeze（C） urge
8、（D）oblige （A）minimized（B） reduced（C） lessened（D）relieved （A）because（B） though（C） as（D）where （A）by（B） for（C） to（D）in （A）preserve（B） conserve（C） improve（D）protect （A）numbers（B） amounts（C） figures（D）quantities （A）off（B） out（C） back（D）down （A）discouraged（B） unwilling（C） forbidden（D）inclined （A）position（
9、B） function（C） task（D）role Grammar21 If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _now.（A）wouldnt be smiling（B） couldnt have smiled（C） wont smile（D）didnt smile22 Its already five oclock now. Dont you think its about time_ ?（A）we are going home（B） we go home（C） we went home（D）we
10、can go home23 I tried to relax because I knew I would use up my oxygen sooner,_.（A）the more excited 1 got（B） and more I got excited（C） 1 got more excited（D）and I got more excited24 The company_a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet.（A）has been promising（B） is promising（C） promised（D
11、）had promised25 I have never been to London, but that is the city_.（A）where I like to visit most（B） Id most like to visit（C） which I like to visit mostly（D）where Id like most to visit26 _that should be given priority to.（A）It is the committee has decided（B） It is only the committee has decided（C） It
12、 is what the committee has decided（D）It is what has the committee decided27 The letter seemed_ by a child.（A）to have written（B） to write（C） to be writing（D）to have been written28 He appeared_with our teams performance.（A）satisfying（B） to be satisfying（C） to satisfy（D）satisfied29 The great use of a s
13、chool education is_ to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning.（A）much（B） much as（C） not so much（D）much more30 _seen me than he left the room.（A）As soon as he had（B） Once he had（C） Hardly had he（D）No sooner had hePart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions belo
14、w each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)30 Nearly everybody cheats, but usually only a little. That is one of the themes in Dan Arielys new book “The(Honest)Truth About Dishonesty“. Most of us think we are pretty wonderful. We can cheat a little and still keep that “good person“ identity.Ar
15、iely, who is one of the most creative social scientists on the planet, had one blind colleague and one sighted colleague take taxi rides. The drivers cheated the sighted colleague by taking long routes much more often than they cheated the blind one, even though she would have been easier to mislead
16、. They would have felt guilty cheating a blind woman. Ariely points out that we are driven by morality much more than standard economic models allow. But I was struck by what you might call the Good Person Construct and the moral calculus it implies. For the past several centuries, most Westerners w
17、ould have identified themselves fundamentally as Depraved Sinners. In this construct, sin is something you fight like a recurring cancer part of a daily battle against evil.But these days, people are more likely to believe in their essential goodness. People who live by the Good Person Construct try
18、 to balance their virtuous self-image with their selfish desires. They try to manage the moral plusses and minuses and keep their overall record in positive territory. In this construct, moral life is more like dieting: the Good Person isnt shooting for perfection any more than most dieters are foll
19、owing their diet 100 percent. Its enough to be workably suboptimal and a generally good guy.Obviously, though, theres a measurement problem. You can buy a weight scale to get an objective measure of your diet. But you cant buy a scale of virtues to put on the bathroom floor. And given our awesome ca
20、pacities for rationalization and self-deception, most of us are going to measure ourselves leniently: I was honest with that blind passenger because Im a wonderful person. I cheated the sighted one because she probably has too much money anyway.The key job in the Good Person Construct is to manage y
21、our rationalizations and self-deceptions to keep them from getting conspicuous. Ariely suggests you reset your moral gauge from time to time. Your moral standards will gradually slip as you become more and more comfortable with your own rationalizations.Id add that you really shouldnt shoot for good
22、ness, which is so vague and forgiving. You should shoot for rectitude. Were mostly unqualified to judge our own moral performances, so attach yourself to some exterior or social standards. And as we go about doing our Good Person moral calculations, it might be worth asking: Is this good enough?31 T
23、o which of the following statement would Ariely agree?（A）A bit of deception invites no harm（B） We are unlikely to be truly honest（C） We are driven by economic models（D）People tend to cling to moral codes32 Western traditional culture maintained that human nature is_.（A）inherently good（B） subject to
24、exterior influence（C） genetically determined（D）originally evil33 According to the author, Good Person Construct_.（A）is desirable for its moral implications（B） contributes to the resistance to inner sin（C） is more likely to encourage dishonesty（D）can ease conflicts between virtues and selfishness34 T
25、he word “leniently“in paragraph 4 most probably means_.（A）honestly（B） subjectively（C） tolerantly（D）falsely35 The author prefers rectitude“ to “goodness“ in that_.（A）rectitude is a greater virtue than goodness（B） exterior standards are more adaptive than moral codes（C） goodness cant be concretely def
26、ined（D）the sin nature can hardly be removed35 A Developed green technologyB Animals are backC Better water qualityD Rapid development of innovationsE Legislation in actionF Forests are expandingSo heres the good news; Our air is cleaner, our lakes are purer, our forests are healthier, endangered spe
27、cies are recovering, toxic emissions are down, and acid rain has diminished dramatically. Eco-legislation, green organization, corporate cooperation and new inventions have all quietly steered our environment in a positive direction. Consider some of the environmental improvements the United States
28、has witnessed over the last three decades.21Take a nice, big cleansing breath: According to the Environmental Protection Agency, emissions of the primary smog-causing chemicals from cars and trucks have declined 54 percent since 1970, even though the number of registered cars and trucks has more tha
29、n doubled, from 108, 407, 000 to 230, 428, 000.Keep breathing, because the fine particulates linked to respiratory disease, including those sometimes seen as soot, are down by about one third since 1979. The level of carbon monoxide, a dangerous odorless gas, is down 53 percent since 1970. And emiss
30、ions of sulfur dioxide, often the major culprit behind acid rain, are down 49 percent since 1970.22Other environmental trends are equally encouraging. Water quality has improved, too, and rates of waterborne disease are also in decline. It is hard to believe, but just a generation ago, factories and
31、 municipal plants actually discharged untreated wastewater directly into riverstoday, though some raw sewage often makes it to waterways, almost all wastewater in the United States is treated before discharge.23While air and water quality have been steadily improving, life itself has been making a c
32、omeback. Only one animal species is known to have gone extinct in the United States in the last 15 years, the dusky seaside sparrow. During that same period, numerous other species once described as certain to become extinct, including the Arctic peregrine falcon, the brown pelican, the gray whale,
33、and the bald eagle, our beloved national emblem, have recovered sufficiently enough that they are no longer classified as imperiled.24Species are recovering partly due to the fact that the forested portion of the United States continues to remain stable, despite a recent real estate boom. High-yield
34、 agriculture has enabled millions of acres of farmland to be retired from cultivation and returned to forest.For example, early in the 19th century, the state of Connecticut was 25 percent of the forest; today, Connecticut is fully 59 percent forested, though its population has increased twelvefold,
35、 from 275, 000 to 3.46 million, since then. Many other states show a similar dynamic of higher farm production coupled with the stable forest acreage.25Today, it is estimated that new cars and light trucks emit just 3 to 4 percent of the amount of pollution that a new car would have emitted in 1968,
36、 before regulation; soon cars emitting less than 1 percent could be seen driving around your neighborhood.Other inventions, such as an enormous device known as the electrostatic precipitator, have reduced severe emissions from power-plant smokestacks, eliminated toxic substances from manufacturing p
37、rocesses, and replaced CFCs, the chemicals that cause ozone-layer depletion, with other more benign compounds.Do the positive trends mean that environmental protection is no longer a concern? Absolutely not. Many problems remain, among them the loss of wildlife habitant in suburban expansion areas,
38、chemical runoff from nearly unrestricted agriculture. But just bear this in mind: in every place where nations have imposed strict environmental standards, negative trends turned to positive very quickly. Now that is a reason to say Happy Earth Day!41 Success, it is often said, has many fathersand o
39、ne of the many fathers of computing, that most successful of industries, was Charles Babbage, a 19th-century British mathematician. Exasperated by errors in the mathematical tables that were widely used as calculation aids at the time, Babbage dreamed of building a mechanical engine that could produ
40、ce flawless tables automatically. But his attempts to make such a machine in the 1920s failed, and the significance of his work was only rediscovered this century.Next year, at last, the first set of printed tables should emerge from a calculating “difference engine“ built to Babbages design. Babbag
41、e will have been vindicated. But the realization of his dream will also underscore the extent to which he was a man born ahead of his time.The effort to prove that Babbages designs were logically and practically sound began in 1985, when a team of researchers at the Science Museum in London set out
42、to build a difference engine in time for the 200th anniversary of Babbages birth in 1992. The team, led by the museums curator of computing, Doron Swade, constructed a monstrous device of bronze, iron and steel. It was 11 feet long, seven feet tall, weighed three tons, cost around $500,000 and took
43、a year to piece together. And it worked perfectly, cranking out successive values of seventh-order polynomial equations to 31 significant figures. But it was incomplete. To save money, an entire section of the machine, the printer, was omitted.To Babbage, the printer was a vital part of design. Even
44、 if the engine produced the correct answers, there was still the risk that a transcription or typesetting error would result in the finished mathematical tables being inaccurate. The only way to guarantee error-free tables was to automate the printing process as well. So his plans included specifica
45、tions for a printer almost as complicated as the calculating engine itself, with adjustable margins, two separate fonts, and the ability to print in two, three or four columns.In January, after years of searching for a sponsor for the printer, the Science Museum announced that a backer had been foun
46、d. Nathan Myhrvold, the chief technology officer at Microsoft, agreed to pay for its construction (which is expected to cost $373,000 with one Proviso: that the Science Museum team would build him an identical calculating engine and printer to decorate his new home on Lake Washington, near Seattle).
47、 Construction of the printer will beginin full view of the publicat the Science Museum later this month. The full machine will be completed next year.It is a nice irony that Babbages plans should be realized only thanks to an infusion of cash from a man who got rich in the computer revolution that B
48、abbage helped to foment. More striking still, even using 20th-century manufacturing technology the engine will have cost over $830,000 to build. Allowing for inflation, this is roughly a third of what it might have cost to build in Babbages day, in contrast to the cost of electronic-computer technol
49、ogy, which halves in price every 18 months. That suggests that, even had Babbage succeeded, a Victorian computer revolution based on mechanical technology would not necessarily have followed.41 Babbage wished to build a mechanical engine because _.（A）he was very disappointed at the mathematical tables available at the time（B） he wanted to be the first man to invent a computing machine（C） be intended to make the mathematical tables flawless（D）he thought he was do
