1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 98 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Advertising is a form of selling. For thousands of years there have been individuals who have tried to (1)_ others to buy the food
2、they have produced or the goods they have made or the services they can (2)_.But in the 19th century the mass production of goods (3)_ the Industrial Revolution made person-to-person selling inefficient. The mass distribution of goods that (4)_ the development of the highway made person-to-person se
3、lling (5)_ slow and expensive. At the same time, mass communication, first newspapers and magazines, (6)_ radio and television, made mass selling through (7)_ possible.The objective of any advertisement is to convince people that it is in their best (8)_ to take the action the advertiser is recommen
4、ding. The action (9)_ be to purchase a product, use a service, vote for a political candidate, or (10)_ to join the Army.Advertising as a (11)_ developed first and most rapidly in the United States, the country that uses it to the greatest (12)_. In 1980 advertising expenditure in the U.S. exceeded
5、55 billion dollars, or (13)_ 2 percent of the gross national product. Canada spent about 1.2 percent of its gross national product (14)_ advertising.(15)_ advertising brings the economies of mass selling to the manufacturer, it (16)_ benefits for the consumer (17)_. Some of those economies are passe
6、d along to the purchaser so that the cost of a product sold primarily through advertising is usually far (18)_ than one sold through personal salespeople. Advertising (19)_ people immediate news about products that have just come on the market. Finally, advertising (20)_ for the programs on commerci
7、al television and radio and for about two thirds of the cost of publishing magazines and newspapers.（A）request（B） oblige（C） affect（D）persuade（A）transfer（B） secure（C） enjoy（D）perform（A）resulting from（B） dealing with（C） leading to（D）going for（A）followed（B） preceded（C） achieved（D）induced（A）so（B） too（C）
8、 very（D）more（A）second（B） and（C） then（D）later（A）marketing（B） advertising（C） salespeople（D）agents（A）profits（B） benefits（C） interests（D）gains（A）should（B） would（C） may（D）will（A）though（B） otherwise（C） still（D）even（A）business（B） service（C） product（D）profession（A）amount（B） extent（C） possibility（D）utility（A
9、）similarly（B） supposedly（C） approximately（D）accountably（A）with（B） at（C） into（D）on（A）While（B） Therefore（C） But（D）If（A）induces（B） reduces（C） produces（D）introduces（A）as well（B） as usual（C） as a result（D）as a rule（A）more（B） less（C） cheaper（D）dearer（A）takes（B） brings（C） gives（D）delivers（A）works（B） calls（
10、C） looks（D）paysGrammar21 We_ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.（A）just have had（B） have just had（C） just had（D）had just had22 I meant_the matter with you, but I had some guests then.（A）discuss（B） discussing（C） having discussed（D）to have discussed23 Nowhere in nature is aluminum found fr
11、ee, owing to its always_with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.（A）combine（B） combined（C） being combined（D）having combined24 You_Jim anything about it. It was none of his business.（A）neednt have told（B） neednt tell（C） mustnt have told（D）mustnt tell25 His remarks were _annoy everybody at the m
12、eeting.（A）so as to（B） such as to（C） such to（D）as much as to26 “Who are the visitors?“They are all_ I think. “（A）mathematics student（B） mathematics students（C） mathematics students（D）student of the mathematics27 I_ the party much more if there hadnt been quite such a crowd of people there.（A）would en
13、joy（B） will have enjoyed（C） would have enjoyed（D）will be enjoying28 Although a teenager, Fred could resist_what to do and what not to do.（A）being told（B） telling（C） to be told（D）to tell29 The new big factory is reported_within two years.（A）to have completed（B） to complete（C） having been completed（D）
14、to have been completed30 _hes been learning English for no more than a year, he speaks it very well.（A）Assuming（B） Considering（C） Supposing（D）Now thatPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)30 For years, digital news
15、conformed to one section of the 1984 prophecy of the technology guru Stewart Brand that “information wants to be free because the cost of getting it out is getting lower. “ Now, it is relying on his other, lesser-known maxim that “information wants to be expensive because its so valuable. The right
16、information in the right place just changes your life. “As paywalls go up, and advertising yields continue to fall, publishers have pinned their hopes on subscriptions. Some suggest that it is a breach of publishers moral obligation to make news freely accessible because it is a public good.I dont s
17、ee why publishers have an ethical duty not to charge for the content they originate. Free news is a recent phenomenon. Newspaper publishers always charged readers, albeit a small amount compared with the cost of newsgathering. Furthermore, nothing will change the fact that people have access to far
18、more information than before the internet. News cannot be patented - once information is uncovered, it spreads rapidly across Twitter and Facebook, and is repeated by rivals and aggregators.Yet the trend is clear. Most of the top US newspapers have a paywall in place, or are planning one. The financ
19、ial model for print newspapers that most revenues came from advertising, with subscriptions and news-stand prices making up the rest does not work online. The double-digit increase in online advertising revenues in the early 2000s has slowed to the low single figures, as growing traffic is mostly of
20、fset by falling advertising yields. With hindsight, it is blindingly obvious that when the space for advertising expands as it did hugely with the shift from print to online prices fall. For a long time, this evaded news publishers, who lived in the vain hope that they could rely more on advertising
21、 in the online world, rather than less. Papers such as the FT and the New York Times have reversed that tactic the NYTs circulation revenues now exceed those from advertising. Thus, news is increasingly being paid for by affluent individuals the average household income of NYT subscribers is about $
22、100, 000 or produced as part of a corporate service, such as Bloomberg News and Thomson Reuters.Should we be worried? The risk is that news will become slanted in the interests of corporations and the wealthy. So far, there isnt much sign of that. The news organisations best placed to prosper from t
23、he shift Bloomberg, Reuters, the FT, the Wall Street Journal, The Economist have high standards. Indeed, the shift towards subscriptions could raise editorial standards, rather than lowering them. Free sites that need to boost page views to gain advertising have an incentive to go downmarket with mo
24、re gossip and celebrity news; the ones that rely more on subscriptions have the reverse incentive.But the fading era of advertising-subsidised newspapers and free-to-air television was at least democratic. At relatively low cost, everyone could be well informed. In the future, the information superh
25、ighway will have both fast and slow lanes.31 Steward Brands two maxims are quoted to show that_.（A）digital news nowadays cost less than printed news（B） the current news price doesnt conform to its value（C） the worth of online information has been enhanced greatly（D）the charge of online news has expe
26、rienced great changes32 On which of the following would the author agree, according to Paragraphs 2 and 3?（A）News media ought to make news freely accessible.（B） Newspapers should lower their subscription prices.（C） Charging online news has little impact on the availability of news.（D）Online content
27、should be treated as patentable items.33 The trend of setting up paywalls is mainly driven by the fact that_.（A）traffic growth is slowing down（B） online advertising prices are dropping（C） advertising is shifting from print to online（D）the number of wealthy readers is increasing34 A possible effect o
28、f news subscription is that .（A）paid news will bias towards the rich（B） paid news will be of higher quality（C） free news will lose their market share（D）free news will be improved in their taste35 The authors attitude towards online news charging can be best described as_.（A）enthusiastically favorabl
29、e（B） basically supportive（C） profoundly worried（D）deeply regretful36 Painting your house is like adding something to a huge communal picture in which the rest of the painting is done either by nature or by other people. The picture is not static; it changes as we move about, with the time of day, wi
30、th the seasons, with new painting, new buildings and with alterations to old ones. Any individual house is just a fragment of this picture, nevertheless it has the power to make or mark the overall scene. In the past people used their creative talents in painting their homes with great imagination a
31、nd in varied but always subtly blending colors. The last vestiges of this great tradition can still be seen in the towns of the extreme west of Ireland. It has never been recognized as an art form, partly, because of the physical difficulty of hanging a street in a gallery and partly because its alw
32、ays changing, as paint fades and is renewed. Also it is a communal art which cannot be identified with any one person, except in those many cases where great artists of the past found inspiration in ordinary street scenes and recorded them in paint.Following the principles of decoration that were so
33、 successful in the past, you should first take a long look at the house and its surroundings and consider possible limitations. The first concerns the amount of color and intensity in the daylight in Britain. Colors that look perfectly in keeping with the sunny, clear skies of the Mediterranean woul
34、d look too harsh in the grayer light of the north. Since bright light is uncomfortable for the eyes, colors must be strong in order to be seen clearly. Viewed in a dimmer light they appear too bright. It is easy to see this if you look at a brick house while the sun is alternately shining and then g
35、oing behind a cloud. The brickwork colors look much more intense when the sun is hidden.The second limitation is the colors of the surroundings: the colors which go best with Cotswold stone and a rolling green countryside will be different from those that look best by the sea or in a red-brick/blue-
36、slate industrial town. In every area there are always colors that at once look in keeping.In many areas there are distinctive traditions in the use of color that may be a useful guide. The eastern counties of England and Scot land, particularly those with a local tradition of rendering or plastering
37、, use colors applied solidly over the wall. Usually only the window frames and doors are picked out in another color, often white or pale gray. Typical wall colors are the pink associated with Suffolk and pale buffs and yellows of Fife. Much stronger colors such as deep earth red, orange, blue and g
38、reen are also common. In the coastal villages of Essex, as well as inland in Hertfordshire, the house-fronts of overlapping boards are traditionally painted blackoriginally tarred like shipswith windows and doors outlined in white. In stone areas of Yorkshire and farther north, color is rarer: the h
39、ouses are usually left in their natural color, though many are painted white as they probably all were once.36 According to the passage when putting paint on the outside of your house, you should be careful _.（A）not to let other people interfere（B） to use paint that will withstand both winter and su
40、mmer conditions（C） to take into account the general appearance of the area（D）to allow for slight fading of the colors37 The reason the painting of the house has not been looked on as an art form seems to be _.（A）the publics inability to appreciate the range of colors involved（B） the failure of art g
41、alleries to convince the critics（C） the impossibility of displaying it to the gallery-going public（D）a tendency to put communal art in a less serious category38 Which of the following may be observed when looking at the brickwork of a house?（A）Sunshine causes its color to seem soothing.（B） The natur
42、al color is emphasized when the sun goes in.（C） The bricks appear to be brighter in color in sunlight.（D）Painted bricks are very intense in coloring.39 The writer seems to think that to a great extent your choice of color will be determined by _.（A）the characteristic local colors（B） a need to make y
43、our house 10ok artistic（C） the limited number of colors available locally（D）your desire to make your house look different40 Why are weather-boarded houses painted white according to the passage?（A）To contrast with the colored window-frames and doors.（B） As a break with the traditional coloring.（C） B
44、ecause this is the tradition.（D）To cover the original tarred surface.40 If there is one thing scientists have to hear, it is that the game is over. Raised on the belief of an endless voyage of discovery, they recoil from the suggestion that most of the best things have already been located. If they
45、have, todays scientists can hope to contribute no more than a few grace notes to the symphony of science.A book to be published in Britain this week, The End of Science, argues persuasively that this is the case. Its author, John Horgan, is a senior writer for Scientific American magazine, who has i
46、nterviewed many of todays leading scientists and science philosophers. The shock of realizing that science might be over came to him, he says, when he was talking to Oxford mathematician and physicist Sir Roger Penrose.The End of Science provoked a wave of denunciation in the United States last year
47、. “The reaction has been one of complete shock and disbelief, “Mr. Horgan says.The real question is whether any remaining unsolved problems, of which there are plenty, lend themselves to universal solutions. If they do not, then the focus of scientific discovery is already narrowing. Since the trium
48、phs of the 1960sthe genetic code, plate tectonics, and the microwave background radiation that went a long way towards proving the Big Banggenuine scientific revolutions have been scarce. More scientists are now alive, spending more money on research, that ever. Yet most of the great discoveries of
49、the 19th and 20th centuries were made before the appearance of state sponsorship, when the scientific enterprise was a fraction of its present size.Were the scientists who made these discoveries brighter than todays? That seems unlikely. A far more reasonable explanation is that fundamental science has already entered a period of diminished returns. “Look, dont get me wrong,“ says
