1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 104 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Older people must be given more chances to learn if they are to contribute to society rather than be a financial burden, according
2、 to a new study on population published recently.The current approach which【C1】_ on younger people and on skills for employment is not【C2 】_ to meet the challenges of demographic (人口结构的) change, it says. Only 1 % of the education budget is【C3】_ spent on the oldest third of the population.The【C4 】_ i
3、nclude the fact that most people can expect to spend a third of their lives in【C5】_ , that there are now more people over 59 than under 16 and that 11.3 million people are【C6】_ state pension age.【C7 】_ needs to continue throughout life. Our historic concentration of policy attention and resources【C8
4、】_ young people cannot meet the new【C9】_ ,“ says the reports author, Professor Stephen McNair.The major【 C10】_ of our education budget is spent on people below the age of 25.【C11 】_ people are changing their jobs,【 C12】_ , partners and lifestyles more often than【 C13】_ , they need opportunities to l
5、earn at every age.【C14】_ , some people are starting new careers in their 50s and later.People need opportunities to make a “midlife review“ to【C15】_ to the later stages of employed life, and to plan for the transition【C16】_ retirement, which may now happen【C17 】_ at any point from 50 to over 90, say
6、s McNair.And there should be more money【C18】_ to support people in establishing a【C19】_ of identity and finding constructive 20 for the “third age“ , the【C20】_ or more years they will spend in healthy retired life.1 【C1 】（A）operates（B） focuses（C） counts（D）depends2 【C2 】（A）superior（B） regular（C） esse
7、ntial（D）adequate3 【C3 】（A）currently（B） barely（C） anxiously（D）heavily4 【C4 】（A）regulations（B） obstacles（C） challenges（D）guidelines5 【C5 】（A）enjoyment（B） retirement（C） stability（D）inability6 【C6 】（A）over（B） after（C） across（D）beside7 【C7 】（A）Indentifying（B） Learning（C） Instructing（D）Practicing8 【C8 】（A
8、）at（B） by（C） in（D）on9 【C9 】（A）desires（B） realms（C） needs（D）intentions10 【C10 】（A）measure（B） ratio（C） area（D）portion11 【C11 】（A）When（B） Until（C） Whether（D）Before12 【C12 】（A）neighbors（B） moods（C） homes（D）minds13 【C13 】（A）ago（B） ever（C） previously（D）formerly14 【C14 】（A）For example（B） By contrast（C） In
9、particular（D）On average15 【C15 】（A）transform（B） yield（C） adjust（D）suit16 【C16 】（A）within（B） from（C） beyond（D）to17 【C17 】（A）unfairly（B） unpredictably（C） instantly（D）indirectly18 【C18 】（A）reliable（B） considerable（C） available（D）feasible19 【C19 】（A）sense（B） conscience（C） project（D）definition20 【C20 】（A
10、）ranks（B） assets（C） ideals（D）rolesPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 The Food and Drug Administration said Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engine
11、ered and wrongfully sold into the U. S. food supply.The focus of the FDA investigation is pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes: One is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow. The other, a synthetic gene
12、, makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness, but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showe
13、d the piglets were not born with the altered genes, but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they dont get into the food supply.The FDA, in a quickly arranged news conference Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY, said the University of Ill
14、inois will face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker, who in turn sells to processing plants.Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agri
15、culture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500 000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs.Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning area of scientific research. “This is a sma
16、ll incident, but its incident like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence,“ says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufacturers of America. “We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to whom we export are going to look at this. “The University of Illinois says
17、it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadnt inherited the genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didnt were sold to the pig broker. “Any pig whos tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent of
18、f to market, “says Charles Zukoski, vice chancellor for research.But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the universitys agreement with the FDA, the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. “The University of Illinois failed to check wit
19、h FDA to see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to be used under any circumstance for food.“The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.21 The 386 piglets
20、 wrongfully sold into food supply are from_.（A）Europe（B） an American research organization（C） a meat processing plant（D）an animal farm22 The purpose of the transgenic engineering research is to_.（A）get pigs of larger size in a shorter time（B） make sows produce more milk（C） make cows produce more mil
21、k（D）make pigs grow more lean meat23 The 4th paragraph shows that the University of Illinois_.（A）was criticized by the FDA（B） is in great trouble（C） is required by the FDA to call back the sold piglets（D）may have to pay the penalty24 The FDA declares that the wrongfully sold piglets_.（A）may have side
22、 effects on consumers（B） may be harmful to consumers（C） are safe to consumers（D）may cause human illness25 It can be inferred from this passage that_.（A）all the offspring have their mothers genetic engineering（B） part of the offspring have their mothers genetic engineering（C） none of the offspring ha
23、ve their mothers genetic engineering（D）half of the offspring have their mothers genetic engineering25 For more than two decades, U. S. courts have been limiting affirmative-action programs in universities and other areas. The legal rationale is that racial preferences are unconstitutional, even thos
24、e intended to compensate for racism or intolerance. For many colleges, this means students can be admitted only on merit, not on their race or ethnicity. It has been a divisive issue across the U. S., as educators blame the prolonged reaction to affirmative-action for declines in minority admissions
25、. Meanwhile, activists continue to battle race preferences in courts from Michigan to North Carolina.Now, chief executives of about two dozen companies have decided to plunge headfirst into this politically unsettled debate. They, together with 36 universities and 7 non-profitable organizations, for
26、med a forum that set forth an action plan essentially designed to help colleges circumvent court-imposed restrictions on affirmative action. The CEOs motive: “Our audience is growing more diverse, so the communities we serve benefit if our employees are racially and ethnically diverse as well“ , say
27、s one CEO of a company that owns nine television stations.Among the steps the forum is pushing: finding creative yet legal ways to boost minority enrollment through new admissions policies; promoting admissions decisions that look at more than test scores; and encouraging universities to step up the
28、ir minority outreach and financial aid. And to counter accusations by critics to challenge these tactics in court, the group says it will give legal assistance to colleges sued for trying them. “ Diversity diminished by the court must be made up for in other legitimate, legal ways, “ says, a forum m
29、ember.One of the more controversial methods advocated is the so-called 10% rule. The idea is for public universitieswhich educate three-quarters of all U. S. undergraduatesto admit students who are in the top 10% of their high school graduating class. Doing so allows colleges to take minorities who
30、excel in average urban schools, even if they wouldnt have made the cut under the current statewide ranking many universities use.26 U. S. court restrictions on affirmative action signifies that_.（A）minorities no longer hold the once favored status（B） the quality of American colleges has improved（C）
31、racial preferences has replaced racial prejudice（D）the minority is on an equal footing with the majority27 What has been a divisive issue across the United States?（A）Whether affirmative action should continue to exist.（B） Whether this law is helping minorities or the white majority.（C） Whether racis
32、m exists in American college admission.（D）Whether racial intolerance should be punished.28 CEOs of big companies decided to help colleges enroll more minority students because they_.（A）think it wrong to deprive the minorities of their rights to receive education（B） want to conserve the fine characte
33、ristics of American nation（C） want a workforce that reflects the diversity of their customers（D）think it their duty to help develop education of the country29 The major tactic the forum uses is to_.（A）battle the racial preferences in court（B） support colleges involved in lawsuits of racism（C） strive
34、 to settle this political debate nationwide（D）find legally viable ways to ensure minority admissions30 If the 10% rule is applied, _.（A）the best white high school students can get into colleges（B） public universities can get excellent students（C） students from poor rural families can go to colleges（
35、D）good minority students can get into public universities30 The early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the U. S. economy, according to a new report from the Hudson Institute, a public policy research organization. Currently, many older experienced workers retire at an early age
36、. According to the recently issued statistics, 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62; if that trend continues, there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century.Older Americans constitute an increasing proportion
37、of the population, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, and the population of those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period, the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed, even part time, would increase U. S. economic out
38、put and strengthen the tax base; but without significant policy reforms, massive early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely.Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject our most experienced workers
39、to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.Hudson Institute researchers be
40、lieve that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed, but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the
41、 increase in 401 (k) and Keogh retirement plans, the ongoing stock market on Wall Street, and the likelihood of large inheritances, there is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.The Hudson institute advocates reforming government polici
42、es that now discourage work and savings, especially for older worker. Among the reports recommendations: Tax half of all Social Security benefits, regardless of other income; provide 8 % larger benefits for each year beyond 65 ; and permit workers nearing retirement to negotiate compensation package
43、s that may include a lower salary but with greater healthcare benefits. However, it may take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers; any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of older experienced workers.31 Ac
44、cording to Hudson Institute researchers, the effect of the early retirement of qualified workers in the U. S. economy is_.（A）constructive（B） significant（C） inconclusive（D）detrimental32 The older experienced workers in America tend to retire early because their prolonged service may_.（A）do harm to yo
45、unger generations（B） end up with few or no benefits（C） give play to their potentials（D）shed light on social trends33 The second paragraph is written chiefly to show that_.（A）there will be an acute labor shortage in the near future（B） baby-boomers contribute much to the US economic output（C） governme
46、nt policies concerning older people are out-dated（D）older workers are enthusiastic about collecting social benefits34 When mentioning “the ongoing stock market on Wall Street“ , the author_.（A）is calling attention to the privileges to which baby-boomers are entitled（B） is calling for the government
47、to take countermeasures against labor shortage（C） is refuting a notion about experienced workers early retirement（D）is justifying the ineffectiveness of federal tax and benefit policies35 Towards the issue, what the author is most concerned about will be_.（A）to advocate radically reforming governmen
48、t policies（B） to take into account the benefits upon retirement（C） to put in practice what Hudson researchers believe in（D）to prolong the practicability of older experienced employees35 Before a big exam, a sound nights sleep will do you more good than poring over textbooks. That, at least, is the f
49、olk wisdom. And science, in the form of behavioral psychology, supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form. The other says that they are actually formed during the day, but then “edited“ at night, to flush away what i
