1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 118 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Older people must be given more chances to learn if they are to contribute to society rather than be a financial burden, according
2、 to a new study on population published recently.The current approach which【C1】_ on younger people and on skills for employment is not【C2 】_ to meet the challenges of demographic (人口结构的) change, it says. Only 1% of the education budget is【C3】_ spent on the oldest third of the population.The【C4 】_ in
3、clude the fact that most people can expect to spend a third of their lives in【C5】_ , that there are now more people over 59 than under 16 and that 11.3 million people are【C6】_ state pension age.【C7 】_ needs to continue throughout life. Our historic concentration of policy attention and resources【C8】
4、_ young people cannot meet the new【C9】_ ,“ says the reports author, Professor Stephen McNair.The major【 C10】_ of our education budget is spent on people below the age of 25.【C11 】_ people are changing their jobs,【 C12】_ , partners and lifestyles more often than【 C13】_ , they need opportunities to le
5、arn at every age.【C14】_ , some people are starting new careers in their 50s and later.People need opportunities to make a “midlife review“ to【C15】_ to the later stages of employed life, and to plan for the transition【C16】_ retirement, which may now happen【C17 】_ at any point from 50 to over 90, says
6、 McNair.And there should be more money【C18】_ to support people in establishing a【C19】_ of identity and finding constructive【C20】_ for the “ third age“ , the 20 or more years they will spend in healthy retired life.1 【C1 】（A）operates（B） focuses（C） counts（D）depends2 【C2 】（A）superior（B） regular（C） esse
7、ntial（D）adequate3 【C3 】（A）currently（B） barely（C） anxiously（D）heavily4 【C4 】（A）regulations（B） obstacles（C） challenges（D）guidelines5 【C5 】（A）enjoyment（B） retirement（C） stability（D）inability6 【C6 】（A）over（B） after（C） across（D）beside7 【C7 】（A）Indentifying（B） Learning（C） Instructing（D）Practicing8 【C8 】（A
8、）at（B） by（C） in（D）on9 【C9 】（A）desires（B） realms（C） needs（D）intentions10 【C10 】（A）measure（B） ratio（C） area（D）portion11 【C11 】（A）When（B） Until（C） Whether（D）Before12 【C12 】（A）neighbors（B） moods（C） homes（D）minds13 【C13 】（A）ago（B） ever（C） previously（D）formerly14 【C14 】（A）For example（B） By contrast（C） In
9、particular（D）On average15 【C15 】（A）transform（B） yield（C） adjust（D）suit16 【C16 】（A）within（B） from（C） beyond（D）to17 【C17 】（A）unfairly（B） unpredictably（C） instantly（D）indirectly18 【C18 】（A）reliable（B） considerable（C） available（D）feasible19 【C19 】（A）sense（B） conscience（C） project（D）definition20 【C20 】（A
10、）ranks（B） assets（C） ideals（D）rolesPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achi
11、evement and economic success, for possible answers. However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find. In most Japanese preschools, surprisingly little emphasis is put on academic instruction. In one investigation, 300 Japanese and 210 American preschoo
12、l teachers, child development specialists, and parents were asked about various aspects of early childhood education. Only 2 percent of the Japanese respondents listed “to give children a good start academically“ as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. In contrast, over h
13、alf the American respondents chose this as one of their top three choices. To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a mem
14、ber of a group. The vast majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents.In the recent comparison of Japanese and American preschool education, 91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reasons for a
15、society to have preschools. Sixty-two percent of the more individually oriented Americans listed group experience as one of their top three choices. An emphasis on the importance of the group seen in Japanese early childhood education continues into elementary school education.Like in America, there
16、 is diversity in Japanese early childhood education. Some Japanese kindergartens have specific aims, such as early musical training or potential development. In large cities, some kindergartens are attached to universities that have elementary and secondary schools. Some Japanese parents believe tha
17、t if their young children attend a university-based program, it will increase the childrens chances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities. Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese kindergart
18、ens.21 We learn from the first paragraph that many Americans believe_.（A）Japanese parents are more involved in preschool education than American parents（B） Japans economic success is a result of its scientific achievements（C） Japanese preschool education emphasizes academic instruction（D）Japans high
19、er education is superior to theirs22 Most Americans surveyed believe that preschools should also attach importance to_.（A）problem solving（B） group experience（C） parental guidance（D）individually-oriented development23 In Japans preschool education, the focus is on_.（A）preparing children academically（
20、B） developing childrens artistic interests（C） tapping childrens potential（D）shaping childrens character24 Free play has been introduced in some Japanese kindergartens in order to_.（A）broaden childrens horizon（B） cultivate childrens creativity（C） lighten childrens study load（D）enrich childrens knowle
21、dge25 Why do some Japanese parents send their children to university-based kindergartens?（A）They can do better in their future studies.（B） They can accumulate more group experience there.（C） They can be individually oriented when they grow up.（D）They can have better chances of getting a first-rate e
22、ducation.25 On how the world has changed over the last 50 years, not all of it has been good. As you are looking for organic food information, you have obviously become aware that a better alternative exists and you are taking a critical look at the source and production practices of the companies p
23、roducing the worlds food supplies.The purpose of organic food information is to give you an understanding of what is going into your food. You will see that there are many benefits to organic food that you didnt know before. The basis behind knowing about organic food information is the fact that fa
24、rmers are resorting to using artificial fertilizers and pesticides (杀虫剂) to control disease and insect attack in order to produce more crops to satisfy growing demand. These artificial fertilizers leave something poisonous in and on the fruit and vegetables we consume which in turn is absorbed and s
25、tored by our bodies.Even the quality of food has gone down in recent years. Todays fruits have nowhere near the Vitamin C levels they did at one time. However, with organic food information you learn that organic food has fifty percent more nutrients, minerals and vitamins than any other form of pro
26、duce that has been grown under intensive farming. If you are eating non-organic produce you will have to eat more fruit in order to make up for this deficiency. But then the dangerous cycle continues since you will be eating more chemicals that are worse for your health than they are good for you.An
27、other aspect of organic food information is the production of meat and poultry (家禽) . Most only consider produce when it comes to organic food information disregarding the antibiotics (抗生素) and hormones that are given to both cattle and poultry that are being force fed. Ask yourself what happens to
28、all these antibiotics and hormones when the animal is killed, the remaining of these antibiotics and growth hormones reside in the meat which are then consumed, digested and stored in human bodies. There is no way that an animal that isnt kept in healthy conditions can produce healthy food for human
29、s to eat.You have nothing to lose by trying organic product, not only will it be healthy for you but you will also be able to eat produce and meat the way they are supposed to be. You will likely be so impressed with the taste of organic fruit that you will never return to the mass-produced fruit ag
30、ain. While cost and availability can be a big issue for some, you can do a bit of research online and find a local store that stocks organic produce for a reasonable price.26 It is stated in Paragraph 1 that organic food_.（A）is considered as a better choice（B） has become popular over the last 50 yea
31、rs（C） reflects the change of production practices（D）is mostly supplied by world famous companies27 According to Paragraph 3, organic food_.（A）has gone down in quality（B） has more nutrients（C） can replace mass-produced food（D）lacks Vitamin C28 What does the author say about meat and poultry?（A）Organi
32、c meat and poultry is hardly available.（B） A great amount of meat is consumed every year.（C） They may contain antibiotics and growth hormones.（D）Merciless killing of the animals lowers their quality.29 In the last paragraph, people are advised to_.（A）return to mass-produced fruits（B） eat traditional
33、 produce and meat（C） do the cost and availability research（D）try organic product for better health and taste30 This passage is mainly about_ .（A）changes in food production practices（B） a growing demand for high quality food（C） the benefits of organic food information（D）the challenges facing the worl
34、d food industry30 If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy w
35、ith their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bos
36、ses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone
37、is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps (跺脚) over to a table by himself. “Who is that?“ the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, thats God,“
38、 came the reply, “ but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.“If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or th
39、e chairmans notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats (替罪羊) like the Post Office or the telephone s
40、ystem.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a
41、 raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist(旋转) on a familiar quote “If at first you dont succeed, give up“ or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and underst
42、atements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.31 To make your humor work, you should_.（A）take advantage of different kinds of audience（B） make fun of the disorganized people（C） address different problems to different people（D）show sy
43、mpathy for your listeners32 The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are_.（A）impolite to new arrivals（B） very conscious of their godlike role（C） entitled to some privileges（D）very busy even during lunch hours33 It can be inferred from the text that public services_.（A）have be
44、nefited many people（B） are the focus of public attention（C） are an inappropriate subject for humor（D）have often been the laughing stock34 To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered_.（A）in well-worded language（B） as awkwardly as possible（C） in exaggerated statements（D）as casu
45、ally as possible35 The best title for the text may be_.（A）Use Humor Effectively（B） Various Kinds of Humor（C） Add Humor to Speech（D）Different Humor Strategies35 Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he
46、 has a reputation for slacking(偷懒) , you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human“ , with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance (不满). But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University
47、in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys (僧帽猴). They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like the
48、ir female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services“ than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally
49、, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber (黄瓜). However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucu
