1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 123 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Some historians say that the most important contribution of Dwight Eisenhower s presidency (总统任期) in the 1950s was the U.S. inters
2、tate highway system. It was a【C1】_ project, easily surpassing the scale of such previous human【C2】_ as the Panama Canal. Eisenhowers interstate highways【C3】_ the nation together in new ways and【C4】_ major economic growth by making commerce less【C5】_ . Today, an information superhighway has been buil
3、tan electronic network that【C6】_ libraries, corporations, government agencies and【C7】_ . This electronic superhighway is called the Internet,【C8 】_ it is the backbone (主干) of the World Wide Web.The Internet had its【C9】_ in a 1969 U. S. Defense Department computer network called ARPAnet, which【C10】_
4、Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. The Pentagon built the network for military contractors and universities doing military research to【C11】_ information. In 1983 the National Science Foundation (NSF) ,【C12】 _ mission is to promote science, took over.This new NSF network【C13】_ more and more i
5、nstitutional users, many of【C14】_ had their own internal networks. For example, most universities that【C15】_ the NSF network had intra-campus computer networks. The NSF network【C16】_ became a connector for thousands of other networks.【C17】_ a backbone system that interconnects networks, Internet was
6、 a name that fit.So we can see that the Internet is the wired infrastructure (基础设施) on which web【C18 】_ move. It began as a military communication system, which expanded into a government-funded【C19】_ research network.Today, the Internet is a user-financed system tying institutions of many sorts tog
7、ether【C20】_ an “ information superhighway“.1 【C1 】（A）concise（B） radical（C） massive（D）trivial2 【C2 】（A）behaviors（B） endeavors（C） inventions（D）elements3 【C3 】（A）packed（B） stuck（C） suppressed（D）bound4 【C4 】（A）facilitated（B） modified（C） mobilized（D）terminated5 【C5 】（A）competitive（B） comparative（C） exclu
8、sive（D）expensive6 【C6 】（A）merges（B） connects（C） relays（D）unifies7 【C7 】（A）figures（B） personalities（C） individuals（D）humans8 【C8 】（A）and（B） yet（C） or（D）while9 【C9 】（A）samples（B） sources（C） origins（D）precedents10 【C10 】（A）stood by（B） stood for（C） stood against（D）stood over11 【C11 】（A）exchange（B） bypas
9、s（C） switch（D）interact12 【C12 】（A）their（B） that（C） when（D）whose13 【C13 】（A）expanded（B） contracted（C） attracted（D）extended14 【C14 】（A）what（B） which（C） these（D）them15 【C15 】（A）joined（B） attached（C） participated（D）involved16 【C16 】（A）moreover（B） however（C） likewise（D）then17 【C17 】（A）With（B） By（C） In（D）
10、As18 【C18 】（A）contexts（B） signs（C） messages（D）leaflets19 【C19 】（A）citizen（B） civilian（C） amateur（D）resident20 【C20 】（A）into（B） amid（C） over（D）towardPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 High-quality customer serv
11、ice is preached by many, but actually keeping customers happy is easier said than done.Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, co-workers, strangersand anyone who will listen.Store managers are often the last to hear compla
12、ints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde group and Wharton school.“Storytelling hurts retailers and entertains consumers,“ said Paula Courtney, President of the Verde group. “The store loses the c
13、ustomer, but the shopper must also find a replacement.“On average, every unhappy customer will complain to at least four others, and will no longer visit the specific store. For every dissatisfied customer, a store will lose up to three more due to negative reviews. The resulting “snowball effect“ c
14、an be disastrous to retailers.According to the research, shoppers who purchased clothing encountered the most problems.Ranked second and third were grocery and electronics customers.The most common complaints include filled parking lots, cluttered (塞满了的) shelves, over-located racks, out-of-stock ite
15、ms, long check-out lines, and rude salespeople.During peak shopping hours, some retailers solved the parking problems by getting moonlighting (业余兼职的) local police to work as parking attendants. Some hired flag wavers to direct customers to empty parking spaces. This guidance eliminated the need for
16、customers to circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space.Retailers can relieve the headaches by redesigning store layouts, pre-stocking sales items, hiring speedy and experienced cashiers, and having sales representatives on hand to answer
17、questions.Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic and polite with angry customers.“Retailers whore responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who arent so friendly,“ said Professor Stephen Hoch. “Maybe something as simple as a greeter at the store entrance wo
18、uld help.“Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filling complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. Retailers are hard-pressed to improve when they have no idea what is wrong.21 Why are store managers often the last to hear complaints?（A）Most cust
19、omers wont bother to complain even if they have had unhappy experiences.（B） Customers would rather relate their unhappy experiences to people around them.（C） Few customers believe the service will be improved.（D）Customers have no easy access to store managers.22 What does Paula Courtney imply by say
20、ing “. the shopper must also find a replacement“ (Line 2, Para. 4)?（A）New customers are bound to replace old ones.（B） It is not likely that the shopper can find the same products in other stores.（C） Most stores provide the same kind of service.（D）Not complaining to the manager causes the shopper som
21、e trouble too.23 Shop owners often hire moonlighting police as parking attendants so that shoppers_.（A）can stay longer browsing in the store（B） wont have trouble parking their cars（C） wont have any worries about security（D）can find their cars easily after shopping24 What contributes most to smoothin
22、g over issues with customers?（A）Manners of the salespeople.（B） Hiring of efficient employees.（C） Huge supply of goods for sale.（D）Design of the store layout.25 To achieve better shopping experiences, customers are advised to_.（A）exert pressure on stores to improve their service（B） settle their dispu
23、tes with stores in a diplomatic way（C） voice their dissatisfaction to store managers directly（D）shop around and make comparisons between stores25 Crippling health care bills, long emergency-room waits and the inability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that pa
24、tients face daily.Primary care should be the backbone of any health care system. Countries with appropriate primary care resources score highly when it comes to health outcomes and cost. The U.S. takes the opposite approach by emphasizing the specialist rather than the primary care physician.A recen
25、t study analyzed the providers who treat Medicare beneficiaries (老年医保受惠人). The startling finding was that the average Medicare patient saw a total of seven doctorstwo primary care physicians and five specialistsin a given year. Contrary to popular belief, the more physicians taking care of you dont
26、guarantee better care. Actually, increasing fragmentation of care results in a corresponding rise in cost and medical errors.How did we let primary care slip so far? The key is how doctors are paid. Most physicians are paid whenever they perform a medical service. The more a physician does, regardle
27、ss of quality or outcome, the better hes reimbursed (返还费用). Moreover, the amount a physician receives leans heavily toward medical or surgical procedures. A specialist who performs a procedure in a 30-minute visit can be paid three times more than a primary care physician using that same 30 minutes
28、to discuss a patients disease. Combine this fact with annual government threats to indiscriminately cut reimbursements, physicians are faced with no choice but to increase quantity to boost income.Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash-o
29、nly practices, further contributing to the decline of primary care.Medical students are not blind to this scenario. They see how heavily the reimbursement deck is stacked against primary care. The recent numbers show that since 1997, newly graduated U.S. medical students who choose primary care as a
30、 career have declined by 50%. This trend results in emergency rooms being overwhelmed with patients without regular doctors.How do we fix this problem?It starts with reforming the physician reimbursement system. Remove the pressure for primary care physicians to squeeze in more patients per hour, an
31、d reward them for optimally (最佳地 ) managing their diseases and practicing evidence-based medicine. Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving student loans for those who choose primary care as a career and reconciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care
32、physician salaries.Were at a point where primary care is needed more than ever. Within a few years, the first wave of the 76 million Baby Boomers will become eligible for Medicare. Patients older than 85, who need chronic care most, will rise by 50% this decade.Who will be there to treat them? 26 It
33、 can be inferred that the authors chief concern about the current U. S. health care system is_.（A）the inadequate training of physicians（B） the declining number of doctors（C） the ever-rising health care costs（D）the shrinking primary care resources.27 We learn from the passage that people tend to beli
34、eve that_.（A）seeing more doctors may result in more diagnostic errors（B） visiting doctors on a regular basis ensures good health（C） the more doctors taking care of a patient, the better（D）the more costly the medicine, the more effective the cure.28 Faced with the government threats to cut reimbursem
35、ents indiscriminately, primary care physicians have to_.（A）see more patients at the expense of quality（B） improve their expertise and service（C） make various deals with specialists（D）increase their income by working overtime29 Why do many new medical graduates refuse to choose primary care as their
36、career?（A）They think working in emergency rooms tedious.（B） The current system works against primary care.（C） They find the need for primary care declining.（D）Primary care physicians command less respect.30 What suggestion does the author give in order to provide better health care?（A）Extend primary
37、 care to patients with chronic diseases.（B） Recruit more medical students by offering them loans.（C） Reduce the tuition of students who choose primary care as their major.（D）Bridge the salary gap between specialists and primary care physicians.30 It used to be so straightforward (直接的). A team of res
38、earchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations(附属机构) from the paper and send it to their peers for review, depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper
39、 for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publishers, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internetand pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from governm
40、ent-funded research by restricting access to it is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Austra
41、lia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in resea
42、rch depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific Technical and Medical Publisher says that there are more than 2,000 pub
43、lishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identifie
44、d by the reports authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be
45、 published. Finally, there are open-access archives (档案) , where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories (仓库 ). Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a
46、 paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.31 In the first paragraph, the author discusses_.（A）the background information of journal
47、 editing.（B） the publication routine of laboratory reports.（C） the relations of authors with journal publishers.（D）the traditional process of journal publication.32 Which of the following is true of the OECD report?（A）It criticizes government-funded research.（B） It introduces an effective means of p
48、ublication.（C） It upsets profit-making journal publishers.（D）It facilitates public investment in scientific research.33 According to the text, online publication is significant in that_.（A）it provides an easier access to scientific results.（B） it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.（C） it
49、emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.（D）it facilitates public investment in scientific research.34 With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to_.（A）cover the cost of its publication.（B） subscribe to the journal publishing it.（C） allow other online journals to use it freely.（D）complete the peer-review before submission.35 Which of the following best summarizes the text?（A）Th
