1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 12 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history. Dubos (1969) suggested tha
2、t primitive humans were closer to the animals (1)_ they, too, relied upon their instincts to stay healthy. Yet some primitive humans (2)_ a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating (3)_ of a disease or (4)_ the condition of a wound. (5)_ there was so much that primi
3、tive humans did not (6)_ the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component of the beliefs about the causes and cures of heath (7)_ Therefore it is not (8)_ that early humans thought that illness was caused (9)_ evil spirit. Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were invar
4、iably used in combination with some form of ritual to (10)_ harmful spirit from a diseased body.One of the earliest (11)_ in the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational thought and (12)_ of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrate
5、s. The writing (13)_ to him has provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice. One of his most famous (14)_, the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics.Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived from a (15)_ of the natural scienc
6、e and the logic of cause and effect relationships. In this (16)_ thesis, On Air, Water, and Places, Hippocrates pointed out that human well-being is (17)_ by the totality of environmental (18)_: living habits or lifestyle, climate, geography of the land, and the quality of air, and food. (19)_ enoug
7、h, concerns about our health and the quality of air, water, and places are (20)_ very much written in twentieth century.（A）in that（B） now that（C） because（D）so that（A）identified（B） recognized（C） admitted（D）esteemed（A）symbols（B） signs（C） symptoms（D）syndromes（A）arranging（B） adjusting（C） developing（D）im
8、proving（A）While（B） Although（C） Provided（D）Since（A）confirm（B） appreciate（C） tolerate（D）discover（A）damages（B） agitation（C） disorders（D）collapse（A）surprising（B） obvious（C） promising（D）unwise（A）in（B） by（C） off（D）up（A）discharge（B） exclude（C） dismiss（D）expel（A）expedition（B） incentives（C） stimuli（D）endeavo
9、rs（A）foundation（B） rejection（C） integration（D）acceptance（A）attributed（B） committed（C） acknowledged（D）confined（A）attractions（B） subscriptions（C） contributions（D）functions（A）creation（B） expectation（C） perception（D）preference（A）durable（B） classic（C） thorough（D）immediate（A）impressed（B） surpassed（C） infl
10、uenced（D）regarded（A）elements（B） factors（C） components（D）deposits（A）Interesting（B） Appealing（C） Demanding（D）Exaggerating（A）even（B） indeed（C） still（D）moreoverPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)21 In a large, air-co
11、nditioned room in a conference center located in a city of more than a million people, well-qualified doctors of science discuss the pros and cons of global warming, and debate how the temperature of the sea is being measured. After several hours of discussion, they walk out into the warm sunshine o
12、f a summers day, heading off to a comfortable restaurant for lunch.On the same day, on the sands of small islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, baked hard by the burning sun, Hemi and Naqono look at the water lapping over the place where they once stored their potato plants. They watch the wav
13、es dashing gently at the feet of their straw huts which some years ago were many metres from the seashore.Global warming is a problem for theoretical discussion among scientists all over the world. For many Pacific Islanders it is now becoming a practical problem. While international science argues
14、about global warming and climate change, low-lying Pacific Islands are already suffering coastal erosion and crop failures.In places such as Marshall Islands, where much of the land is only a metre above sea-level, villagers face leaving their slowly disappearing homes.Scientists and officials from
15、13 Pacific Island Countries discussed their concerns in a Pacific conference in Aukland, New Zealand, and examined a New Zealand computer model on climate change that could provide a valuable planning tool. Lack of meteorological and tidal research means Government agencies throughout the Pacific an
16、d the world have to rely largely on anecdotal of rising sea levels eroding foreshores, and increasingly severe droughts affecting the vital coconut crop.Australian research commissioned by the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme has already calculated that human greenhouse gas emissions alr
17、eady measured up to 1995 will cause a 5cm to 12cm sea-level rise by 2025. Pacific Island countries fear their vulnerable low-lying homes will be the first to pay the price for the emissions of industrialized nations.A Pacific Islands Climate Change Assistance Programme is already in place and is wor
18、king on plans to help Pacific Islanders who have few resources to combat the fast-changing environmental circumstances.Yumi Crisostomo, of the Marshall Islands Environmental Protection Authority, said residents of some of the 1,225 islands in the group had reported alarming coastal erosion, forcing
19、them to shift homes inland. Some islands were only about a kilometer across, so residents had little room to move. “We may have to look at the option of internal migration within the island group,“ he said.21 The first two paragraphs suggest that（A）global warming is not only a theoretical problem bu
20、t also a practical one.（B） there is a great difference between the rich and poor.（C） science discussion has nothing to do with the practical problem.（D）well-qualified doctors know little about the reality of the problem.22 According to the passage, global warming and climate change might cause（A）the
21、 extinction of species.（B） the disappearance of the coast.（C） the reduction of crops.（D）the migration of birds.23 Lack of meteorological and tidal research means, researchers have to depend on（A）measuring the output of coconut.（B） observing the erosion of foreshores.（C） collecting short interesting
22、accounts concerning climate.（D）computer model on climate changes.24 Human greenhouse gas emissions which cause low-lying places to disappear are mainly let out by（A）forest fires.（B） the industrialized nations.（C） people themselves in low-lying islands.（D）the developing countries.25 The author gives
23、the example of Pacific islands climate change to（A）warn people of the danger of global warming.（B） arouse peoples sympathy for the islanders in the Pacific.（C） blame those nations which let out greenhouse gas emissions.（D）call for a donation to the residents in the Pacific islands.26 “We find that t
24、he fleeting uses of the words penis, vaginal, ass, bastard and bitch uttered in the context of the programs cited in the complaints, do not render the material patently offensive under contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium.“ Making decisions like this is one of the more thankless
25、 tasks of Americas media regulator, the Federal Communications Commission. Since 1927 the FCC has tried to protect children from “indecency“sexual content and swear wordson broadcast television and radio.Under pressure from social conservatives, Americas politicians are now threatening to extend ind
26、ecency regulation further. If they get their way, not just broadcast television and radio but cable and satellite TV, and possibly satellite radio, would be monitored by the FCC for indecency. Americas media firms have been shaken by this threat.Every society, of course, has the right to protect chi
27、ldren from adult material. But increasing censorship by the central government is the wrong way to go about this. A wiser course would be to eliminate the governments role and rely more on parents. Fortunately, changes in technology and the media industry itself now make this approach more feasible
28、than ever.Television has changed beyond recognition since indecency rules were first imposed. In 1978 the Supreme Court upheld the FCCs right to punish indecency on the grounds that broadcasters had what it called a “uniquely pervasive presence in the lives of all Americans.“ Back then, that was a p
29、lausible argument. But with television fragmenting in to so many outlets such unique pervasiveness no longer prevails. Over four-fifths of American households, for instance, subscribe to cable or satellite television. They are just as likely to be watching one of the hundreds of cable channels they
30、have at home as one of the main six broadcast networks. With so much choice, avoiding the indecent is easier than it was 30 years ago when most people had only three channels.At the same time, new technology now allows families to filter the television they receive. Cable and satellite TV come with
31、set-top boxes that can screen out individual channels. Digital cable set-top boxes are particularly precise, and allow parents to block individual programmes at the touch of a button on their remote control. Every new television set sold in America since 2000 is equipped with a “v-chip“, a blocking
32、device that Bill Clinton forced on the media industry in 1996. It is only thanks to the v-chip and set-top boxes, in fact, that children get any protection from violence, since the FCC regulates only sex and bad language. America is the only country where blocking technology is already in the vast m
33、ajority of homes, thanks to the ubiquity of pay television. But it is likely soon to be available elsewhere as well.26 The unique function of up-to-date technological devices lies in its（A）capability of keeping the young from violence.（B） context of contemporary community.（C） complaints of programs.
34、（D）standards for the broadcast media.27 It is implied in the second paragraph that（A）indecency regulation has been successfully carried out.（B） the majority of Americas media firms would stick to the indecency regulation faithfully.（C） some of cable and satellite TV will be exempt from being supervi
35、sed by FCC.（D）the indecency regulation is not applicable to satellite radio for the time being.28 The author, according to the text, seems to（A）advocate less intervention by FCC.（B） suggest the threat caused by the Central government.（C） highlight the right to protect children.（D）summarize the effec
36、t of the governments role.29 The scarcity of TV selection according to the text（A）changes the indecency rules imposed in 1978.（B） posed a great challenge to averting indecency.（C） was confirmed by the Supreme Court.（D）still prevails in the lives of most American.30 It is implied in the last paragrap
37、h that（A）families can filter the television they receive with the help of new technology.（B） individual channels do no harm to children.（C） rumor has it that v-chip is bound to be ubiquitous the world over in no time.（D）the White House made a mandate concerning the application of a novel technology
38、to media purification.31 Every year 100 million holiday-makers are drawn to the Mediterranean. With one third of the worlds tourist trade, it is the most popular of all the holiday destinations: it is also the most polluted.It has only 1 percent of the worlds sea surface, but carries more than half
39、the oil and tar floating on the waters. Thousands of factories pour their poison into the Mediterranean, and almost every city, town and village on the coast sluices its sewage, untreated, into the sea.The result is that the Mediterranean, which nurtured so many civilizations, is gravely ill-the fir
40、st of the seas to fall victim to the abilities and attitudes that evolved around it. And the population does not merely stifle the life of the sea-it threatens the people who inhabit and visit its shores.Typhoid, paratyphoid, dysentery, polio, viral hepatitis and food poisoning are endemic in the ar
41、ea, and there are periodic outbreaks of cholera.The mournful litany of disease is caused by sewage. Eight-five percent of the waste from the Mediterraneans 120 coastal cities is pushed out into the waters where their people and visitors bathe and fish. What is more, most cities just drop it in strai
42、ght off the beach; rare indeed are the places like Cannes and Tel Aviv which pipe it even half a mile offshore.Less than 100, 000 of Greeces four million coastal people have their sewage properly treated-and Greece, is one of the cleaner countries of the northern shore.The worst parts of the sea are
43、 Israeli/Lebanon coast and between Barcelona and Genoa, which flushes out over 200 tons of sewage each year for every mile of its length.Not surprisingly, vast areas of the shallows are awash with bacteria and it doesnt take long for these to reach people. Professor William Brumfit of the Royal Free
44、 Hospital once calculated that anyone who goes for a swim in the Mediterranean has a one in seven chance of getting some sort of disease. Other scientists say this is an overestimate; but almost all of them agree that bathers are at risk.An even greater danger lurks in the seductive seafood dishes t
45、hat add so much interest to holiday menu. Shellfish are prime carriers of many of the most vicious diseases of the area. They often grow amid pollution. And even if they dont they are frequently infected by the popular practice of “freshening them up“ throwing filthy water over them in markets.Indus
46、try adds its own poisons. Factories cluster round the coastline, and even the most modern rarely has proper waste-treatment plant. They do as much damage to the sea as sewage. Fifteen thousand factories foul the Italian Lihurian Riviera. Sixty thousand pollute the Tyrrhenian Sea between Sardinia, Si
47、cily and the west Italian coast! The lagoon of Venice alone receives the effluents of 76 factories.Thousands of tons of pesticides are blown off the fields into the sea, detergents from millions of sinks kill fish, and fertilizers, flushed out to sea, nourish explosions of plankton which cover bathe
48、rs with itchy slime.Then there is the oil130,000 tons pouring each year from ships, 115,000 tons more from industries round the shore. Recent studies show that the Mediterranean is four times as polluted as the north Atlantic, 20 times as bad as the north-east Pacific.Apart from the nine-mile-wide S
49、trait of Gibraltar, the Mediterranean is landlocked, virtually unable to cleanse itself. It takes 80 years for the water to be renewed, through the narrow, shallow straits, far too slow a process to cope with the remorseless rush of pollution.31 According to the passage, the Mediterranean_.（A）accounts for one-third of the worlds tourist population（B） is the most polluted area on earth（C） has only 1 percent of the worlds surface（D）is the most polluted sea in the world32 Wh
