1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 158 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Air pollution triggers more heart attacks than using cocaine and poses as high a risk of sparking a heart attack as alcohol, coffe
2、e and physical exertion. The findings, published in The Lancet journal, suggest population-wide【C1】_like polluted air should be【C2】_more seriously when looking at heart risks, and should be put into context beside higher but relatively【C3】_risks like drug use. Researchers combined data【C4】_36 separa
3、te studies and calculated the relative risk【C5 】_by a series of heart attack triggers. They found that of the triggers for heart attack studied, cocaine is the most【C6】_to trigger an event in an individual,【C7】_traffic has the greatest population effect as more people are【 C8】_to it. A report publis
4、hed late last year found that air pollution in many major cities in Asia【C9 】 _the WHOs air quality guidelines and that toxic cocktails of pollutants【C10】_more than 530,000 premature deaths a year.While【C11】_smoking was not included in this study, the researchers said the effects of second-hand smok
5、e were likely to be【C12】_to that of outdoor air pollution, and noted previous research which found that bans on smoking in public places have significantly【C13】_heart attack rates. British researchers said last year that a ban on smoking in public places in England【C14 】_to a swift and significant d
6、rop in the number of heart attacks,【C15】_the health service 8.4 million pounds in the first year.【C16 】_, what triggers the heart attack should be considered the “last straw.“ The【C17】_of heart disease that lead to a heart attack are【C18】_down over many years. If someone wants to【C19】_a heart attack
7、 they should focus on not smoking, exercising, eating a healthy diet and【C20 】_their ideal weight.1 【C1 】（A）subjects（B） factors（C） impacts（D）cases2 【C2 】（A）taken（B） kept（C） controlled（D）solved3 【C3 】（A）stranger（B） scarcer（C） feebler（D）rarer4 【C4 】（A）into（B） with（C） from（D）on5 【C5 】（A）proposed（B） aff
8、ected（C） posed（D）reduced6 【C6 】（A）accountable（B） dangerous（C） likely（D）frequent7 【C7 】（A）but（B） as（C） or（D）then8 【C8 】（A）supposed（B） left（C） drawn（D）exposed9 【C9 】（A）violates（B） exceeds（C） impairs（D）alters10 【C10 】（A）lies in（B） results in（C） adds to（D）derives from11 【C11 】（A）negative（B） unconscious（
9、C） objective（D）passive12 【C12 】（A）related（B） subject（C） similar（D）prior13 【C13 】（A）reduced（B） raised（C） changed（D）undermined14 【C14 】（A）amounted（B） saw（C） led（D）turned15 【C15 】（A）increasing（B） expending（C） saving（D）paying16 【C16 】（A）However（B） Therefore（C） Furthermore（D）Otherwise17 【C17 】（A）premises
10、（B） foundations（C） causes（D）rates18 【C18 】（A）passed（B） struck（C） narrowed（D）laid19 【C19 】（A）remove（B） check（C） ease（D）avoid20 【C20 】（A）achieving（B） watching（C） maintaining（D）controllingPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40
11、 points)20 For a quarter of a century, surveys of reading habits by the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), a federally-funded body, have been favorite material for anyone who thinks America is dumbing down. Susan Jacoby, author of The Age of American Unreason, for example, cites the 2007 NEA rep
12、ort that “the proportion of 17-year-olds who read nothing (unless required to do so for school) more than doubled between 1984 and 2004.“So it is a surprise that this trend seems to have taken a turn for the better. This week the NEA reported that, for the first time since 1982 when its survey began
13、, the number of adults who said they had read a novel, short story, poem or play in the past 12 months had gone up, rising from 47% of the population in 2002 to over 50% in 2008.The increase, modest as it is, has thrown educationalists into excitement. “Its just a temporary change,“ one professor sa
14、id. It is certainly a snapshot. But it is not statistically insignificant. As the NEAs research director, Sunil Iyengar, points out, almost every ethnic group seems to be reading more. The increase has been most marked in groups whose reading had declined most in the past 25 years, African-Americans
15、 and Spanish Americans (up by 15% and 20% respectively since 2002). It has also been larger among people at lower levels of education: reading among college graduates was flat, but among those who dropped out of high school it rose from under a quarter to over a third.Most remarkable of all has been
16、 the rebound among young men. The numbers of men aged 18-24 who say they are reading books (not just online) rose 24% in 2002-08. Teachers sometimes despair of young men, whose educational performance has lagged behind that of young women almost across the board. But the reading gap at least may be
17、narrowing. Dana Gioia, the NEAs outgoing chairman, thinks the reason for the turnaround is the public reaction to earlier reports which had sounded the alarm. “There has been a measurable change in societys commitment to literacy,“ he says. “Reading has become a higher priority.“It may also be benef
18、iting from the growing popularity of serious-minded leisure pursuits of many kinds. Museums, literary festivals and live opera transmissions into cinemas are all reporting larger audiences. Mr. Iyengar thinks the division between those who read a lot and those who dont is eroding. What has not chang
19、ed, though, is Americas “functional illiteracy“ rate. Fully 21% of adult Americans did not read a book last year because they couldnt, one of the worst rates in the rich world.21 The phrase “dumbing down“ (Line 2, Para 1) is closest in meaning to _.（A）becoming illiterate（B） becoming noiseless（C） get
20、ting clumsy（D）getting inflexible22 According to Paragraph 2, the trend seems to have taken a turn for the better in that_.（A）adult readers read more widely（B） more people are advocating reading（C） the number of educated people is growing（D）the percentage of adult readers has increased23 Sunil Iyenga
21、r, the NEAs research director points out that _.（A）Spanish Americans are formerly considered the most reluctant readers before 2002（B） college graduates have dramatically increased their reading ranges（C） the increase has compensated for the decrease during the past 25 years（D）it seems that American
22、 people as a whole are reading more than before24 By saying “Most remarkable. young men.“ (Para. 4), the author indicates that young men have（A）started to outperform young women in academic studies（B） enjoyed reading more comprehensively than young women（C） narrowed the gap with young women in learn
23、ing（D）showed a sign of willingness to read more than before25 It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that _.（A）the trend of reading more results from self-examination（B） reading has become the final aim in peoples daily life（C） the gap between book lovers and those who dont read widens（D）Am
24、ericas functional illiteracy rate remains high25 “Whats the difference between God and Larry Ellison?“ asks an old software industry joke. Answer: God doesnt think hes Larry Ellison. The boss of Oracle is hardly alone among corporate chiefs in having a reputation for being rather keen on himself. In
25、deed, until the bubble burst and the public turned nasty at the start of the decade, the worship of the celebrity chief executive seemed to demand bossly narcissism, as evidence that a firm was being led by an all-conquering hero.Narcissus met a nasty end, of course. And in recent years, boss-worshi
26、p has come to be seen as bad for business. In his management bestseller, “Good to Great“, Jim Collins argued that the truly successful bosses were not the self-proclaimed stars who adorn the covers of Forbes and Fortune, but instead modest, thoughtful sorts who lead by inspiring example.A statistica
27、l answer may be at hand. For the first time, a new study, “Its All About Me“, to be presented next week at the annual gathering of the American Academy of Management, offers a systematic, empirical analysis of what effect narcissistic bosses have on the firms they run. The authors, Arijit Chat-terje
28、e and Donald Hambrick, of Pennsylvania State University, examined narcissism in the upper rank of 105 firms in the computer and software industries.To do this, they had to solve a practical problem: studies of narcissism have relied on surveying individuals personally, something for which few chief
29、executives are likely to have time or inclination. So the authors devised an index of narcissism using six publicly available indicators obtainable without the cooperation of the boss. These are: the prominence of the bosss photo in the annual report; his prominence in company press releases; the le
30、ngth of his “Whos Who“ entry; the frequency of his use of the first person singular in interviews; and the ratios of his cash and non-cash compensation to those of the firms second-highest paid executive.Narcissism naturally drives people to seek positions of power and influence, and because great s
31、elf-esteem helps your professional advance, say the authors, chief executives will tend on average to be more narcissistic than the general population. Messrs Chatterjee and Hambrick found that highly narcissistic bosses tended to make bigger changes in the use of important resources, such as resear
32、ch and development, or in spending; they carried out more and bigger mergers and acquisitions; and their results were both more extreme (more big wins or big losses) and more unstable than those of firms run by their humbler peers.26 Larry Ellison is mentioned in the first paragraph to show that_.（A
33、）some corporate chiefs like to compare themselves to God（B） many corporate chiefs are notorious for being selfish（C） egotism of a boss is fundamental to the success of a firm（D）a boss narcissism might have an effect on his business27 By saying “Narcissus met a nasty end“ (Line 1, Para. 2), the autho
34、r implies that_.（A）selfishness of a boss will be subject to public criticism（B） egotism of chief executives may lead to undesirable consequences（C） a self-centered boss is always troubled with business disasters（D）boss-worship will result in self-asserted leaders28 The study “Its All About Me“ is de
35、signed to_.（A）offer all-encompassing answers to the American Academy of Management（B） analyze the effect of selfishness on a boss as well as company employees（C） explore the relationship between a boss narcissism and business performance（D）test whether narcissism should be valued in the computer ind
36、ustry29 In Paragraph 4, the author mainly discusses _.（A）six indicators that might reveal a boss narcissism（B） the reason why a boss might be unwilling to be surveyed（C） how to use an index of narcissism to conduct surveys（D）a way of improving survey results in the studies of narcissism30 It can be
37、inferred that the author thinks _.（A）great self-esteem is the prime source of narcissism（B） chief executives are more likely to become self-absorbed（C） narcissism drives a boss to take less but larger risks（D）the humbler the boss is, the easier his management might be30 Human language is the subject
38、 of endless scientific investigation, but the gestures that accompany speech are a surprisingly neglected area. It is sometimes jokingly said that the way to render an Italian speechless is to tie his wrists together, but almost everyone moves their hands in meaningful ways when they talk Susan Gold
39、in-Meadow of the University of Chicago, however, studies gestures carefullyand not out of idle curiosity. Introspection suggests that gesturing not only helps people communicate but also helps them to think. She set out to test this, and specifically to find out whether gestures might be used as an
40、aid to childrens learning. It turns out, as she told the American Association for the Advancement of Science, that they can.The experiment she conducted involved balancing equations. Presented with an equation of the form 2+3+4=x+4, written on a blackboard, a child is asked to calculate the value of
41、 x. In the equations Dr Goldin-Meadow always made the last number on the left the same as the last on the right; so x was the sum of the first two numbers. Commonly, however, children who are learning arithmetic will add all three of the numbers on the left to arrive at the value of x.In her previou
42、s work Dr Goldin-Meadow had noted that children often use spontaneous gestures when explaining how they solve mathematical puzzles. So to see if these hand-movements actually help a child to think, or are merely descriptive, she divided a group of children into two and asked them to balance equation
43、s. One group was asked to gesture while doing so. A second was asked not to. Both groups were then given a lesson in how to solve problems of this sort.As Dr Goldin-Meadow suspected, the first group learnt more from the lesson than the second. By observing their gestures she refined the experiment.
44、Often, a child would touch or point to the first two numbers on the left with the first two fingers of one hand. Dr Goldin-Meadow therefore taught this gesture explicitly to another group of children. Or, rather, she taught a third of them, taught another third to point to the second and third numbe
45、rs this way, and told the remainder to use no gestures. When all were given the same lesson it was found those gesturing “correctly“ learnt the most. But those gesturing “incorrectly“ still outperformed the non-gesturers.Gesturing, therefore, clearly does help thought. Indeed, it is so thought-provo
46、king that even the wrong gestures have some value. Perhaps this helps to explain why the arithmetic-intensive profession of banking was invented in Italy.31 We can learn from the first paragraph that _.（A）Italians cannot talk with others if they dont move their hands in meaningful ways（B） gesturing
47、going with speech is rarely chosen as the subject of the scientific investigation（C） human language is much more important than meaningful gestures（D）gestures are considered to be of little help to childrens learning32 Dr Goldin-Meadow conducted the experiment so as to _.（A）help children to learn ho
48、w to communicate with others effectively（B） prove that gestures might be used as an aid to childrens learning（C） figure out that hand-movements of children are descriptive as well（D）prove that children doing wrong gestures learn less than non-gesturers33 Dr Goldin-Meadow found that when explaining h
49、ow they solve mathematical problems, children use gestures_.（A）purposefully（B） deliberately（C） suddenly（D）naturally34 According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the experiment?（A）Children gesturing “correctly“ told the remainder how to use gestures.（B） Wrong gestures as well as correct ones can aid childrens learning.（C） Correct gestures can help children to solve most mathematical problems.（D）
