1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 161 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 It is supposed to be the time of opportunity and adventure, before mortgages and marriage have taken their toll. But【C1】_to cope w
2、ith anxieties about jobs, unemployment, debt and relationships, many young adults are experiencing a “quarterlife crisis“, according to new research by British psychologists.【C2 】_all the features of the midlife crisis, this phenomenon【C3】 _by insecurities, disappointments, loneliness and depression
3、is【C4】_twenty- and thirtysomethings shortly after they enter the “real world“, with educated professionals most likely to suffer.“Quarterlife crises dont happen【C5】_a quarter of the way through your life,“ said lead researcher Dr Oliver Robinson, from the University of Greenwich in London. “They occ
4、ur a quarter of your way through【C6】_, in the period between 25 and 35, although they【C7】_around 30.“ Robinson, who presented his【C8】_at the British Psychological Society Annual Conference in Glasgow, worked with researchers from Birkbeck College on what he says is the first research to look at the
5、quarterlife crisis from a “solid, empirical【 C9】_based on data rather than【C10】_.“The research is backed by a(n)【C11】_which found 86% of the 1,100 young people questioned admitted feeling under pressure to succeed【C12】_their relationships, finances and jobs before hitting 30. Two in five were【C13】_a
6、bout money, saying they did not earn enough, and 32% felt under pressure to marry and have children by the age of 30. Six percent were planning to emigrate,【C14】_21% wanted a complete career change.But Robinson also found that the quarterlife crisiswhich lasts on average for two yearscan be a【C15】_e
7、xperience. Such early-life crises have four【C16 】_, he said, moving from feelings of being trapped to a desire for【C17 】_then, eventually, the【C18】_and solidifying of a new life. “The results will help reassure those who are experiencing this【C19】_that it is a commonly experienced part of early adul
8、t life, and that a proven pattern of positive change【C20】_it,“ said Robinson.1 【C1 】（A）enabling（B） arranging（C） struggling（D）preparing2 【C2 】（A）Bearing（B） Experiencing（C） Bewaring（D）Sharing3 【C3 】（A）defined（B） characterized（C） signified（D）classified4 【C4 】（A）beating（B） striking（C） hitting（D）knocking
9、5 【C5 】（A）deliberately（B） ordinarily（C） correctly（D）literally6 【C6 】（A）adulthood（B） childhood（C） brotherhood（D）boyhood7 【C7 】（A）clash（B） cluster（C） claim（D）clutch8 【C8 】（A）findings（B） discoveries（C） inventions（D）creativity9 【C9 】（A）position（B） purpose（C） angle（D）range10 【C10 】（A）regulation（B） specul
10、ation（C） calculation（D）stimulation11 【C11 】（A）investigation（B） inquiry（C） scrutiny（D）survey12 【C12 】（A）on（B） at（C） in（D）of13 【C13 】（A）worried（B） sensitive（C） optimistic（D）rational14 【C14 】（A）so（B） while（C） or（D）but15 【C15 】（A）negative（B） fatal（C） conservative（D）positive16 【C16 】（A）phases（B） styles（C
11、） types（D）patterns17 【C17 】（A）wealth（B） promotion（C） change（D）freedom18 【C18 】（A）securing（B） leading（C） building（D）strengthening19 【C19 】（A）transaction（B） transition（C） translation（D）transmission20 【C20 】（A）brings to（B） results from（C） lies to（D）copes withPart ADirections: Read the following four te
12、xts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 There is no more fashionable answer to the woes of the global recession than “green jobs.“ Leaders of great nations have all gotten behind what Ban Ki-moon has called a “green New Deal“pinning their hopes for future gr
13、owth and new jobs on creating clean-technology industries. It all sounds like the ultimate win-win deal: beat the worst recession in decades and save the planet from global warming, all in one spending plan. So who cares how much it costs? And since the financial crisis and recession began, governme
14、nts, environmental nonprofits, and even labor unions have been busy spinning out reports on just how many new jobs might be created from these new industriesestimates that range from the tens of thousands to the millions.The problem is that history doesnt bear out the optimism. As a new study from M
15、cKinsey consulting points out, clean energy is less like old manufacturing industries that required a lot of workers than it is like new manufacturing and service industries that dont. The best parallel is the semiconductor industry, which was expected to create a boom in high-paid high-tech jobs bu
16、t today employs mainly robots. Clean-technology workers now make up only 0.6 percent of the American workforce, despite the government subsidies, tax incentives, and other supports that already exists.The McKinsey study, which examined how countries should compete in the post-crisis world, figures t
17、hat clean energy wont command much more of the total job market in the years ahead. “The bottom line is that these clean industries are too small to create the millions of jobs that are needed right away,“ says James Manyika, a director at the McKinsey Global Institute. Although they might not creat
18、e those jobs, yet they could help other industries do just that: they did create a lot of jobs, indirectly, by making other industries more efficient.McKinsey and others say that the same could be true today if governments focus not on building a “green economy,“ but on greening every part of the ec
19、onomy using cutting-edge green products and services. Stop betting government money on particular green technologies that may or may not pan out, and start thinking more broadly. As McKinsey makes clear, countries dont become more competitive by slightly changing their “mix“ of industries but by out
20、performing in each individual sector. Taking care of the environment at the broadest levels is often portrayed as a political red herring that will weaken competitiveness in the global economy. In fact, the future of growth and job creation may depend on it.21 The author introduces his topic by_.（A）
21、making a comparison（B） analysing a phenomenon（C） challenging a conviction（D）answering a question22 According to McKinsey consulting, clean-technology industries _.（A）are similar to manufacturing industries（B） are like service industries most（C） have a small workforce for the poor（D）enjoy many govern
22、mental supports23 James Manyika believes that “clean“ industries _.（A）are essential to competitions between nations（B） cant create more jobs in the total job market（C） can satisfy the urgent needs of the job market（D）can serve as an indirect creator of jobs24 McKinsey suggests governments improve th
23、eir competitiveness by_.（A）striving to develop a green economy（B） blending green economy into other industries（C） selling green products to other economic sectors（D）focusing on the overall strength of economy25 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that protecting environment at the broadest le
24、vels _.（A）is not a popular proposal（B） will weaken the global economy（C） harms a countrys competitiveness（D）determines the global growth rate25 When public schooling began to expand access to education in the 19th century, literacy was mainly about learning to read, a set of technical skills that in
25、dividuals would acquire once for a lifetime in order to process a fairly established body of coded knowledge. For most, though not all, individuals in the industrialized world, those technical reading skills can now largely be taken for granted. But literacy requirements have shifted toward reading
26、for learningthe capacity to identify, understand, interpret, create, and communicate knowledge, using written materials associated with varying situations in changing contexts. These skills have now become an almost universal requirement for success in the industrialized world.This shift in the conc
27、ept of literacy is perhaps best illustrated with statistics on skill utilization in the labor force. It is no longer manual skills but routine cognitive skills that see the steepest decline in labor-market demand in advanced economies. Computers can replace humans for tasks involving processing of i
28、nformation through inductive or deductive rules. Routine cognitive skills are easier to outsource to foreign producers than other kinds of work: When a task can be reduced to rules, the process needs to be explained only once, so communicating with foreign producers is much simpler than for non-rule
29、s-based tasks where each piece of work is a special case. The reproduction of a fixed body of knowledge, acquired with technical reading skills, is therefore no longer sufficient. Individuals need the capacity to infer from what they know, to use knowledge in new ways or situations, and to generate
30、new knowledge.Ensuring that assessments are comparable across countries is critical. Another challenge relates to external validity, verifying that literacy assessments measure what they set out to measure and that those skills are predictive for future outcomes of individuals. Adult literacy survey
31、s show that competencies in major educational, training and work transitions are generally better predictors for earnings and employment status than the level of formal educational qualification that individuals had attained. Important aspects of the “new literacy“ concept, especially elements of cr
32、eating and communicating information, remain beyond the scope of large-scale comparative assessment. The long-term future lies with multi-layered assessment systems that extend from classrooms to schools to regional to national to international levels, that measure not just what students know but al
33、so how students progress, that are largely performance-based, that make students thinking visible, and that allow for divergent thinking. Also, these assessments must generate data that teachers, administrators, and policymakers can act upon.26 In the industrialized world, the concept of literacy _.
34、（A）remains about acquiring knowledge（B） has shifted to cognitive abilities（C） depends upon various situations（D）is universally associated and accepted27 It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that _.（A）manual skills are no longer requested in the labor market（B） the different literacy concept leads to a
35、 decline in labor-market demand（C） computers might free human beings from some rules-based work（D）non-rules-based tasks require special technical reading skills28 Literacy assessing needs to be _.（A）predictive（B） unaffected（C） essential（D）effective29 Adult literacy surveys are to verify that_.（A）cer
36、tain cognitive skills foretell the future of an individual（B） literacy assessments play an important part in identity searching（C） literacy assessments can be compared across different nations（D）the ability to generate new knowledge decides employment status30 Comparative assessments of the “new lit
37、eracy“ will_.（A）develop into extensive and multilevel assessments（B） focus on creating and communicating information（C） include other subjects, like teachers and administrators（D）measure what students know in a long-term way30 Chances are your friends are more popular than you are. It is a basic fea
38、ture of social networks that has been known about for some time. Consider both an enthusiastic party hostess with hundreds of acquaintances and an ill-tempered guy, who may have one or two friends. Statistically speaking, the average person is much more likely to know the hostess simply because she
39、has so many more friends. This, in essence, is what is called the “friendship paradox“: the friends of any random individual are likely to be more central to the social web than the individual himself.Now researchers think this seemingly depressing fact can be made to work as an early warning system
40、 to detect outbreaks of contagious diseases. By studying the friends of a randomly selected group of individuals, epidemic disease experts can isolate those people who are more connected to one another and are therefore more likely to catch diseases like the flu early. This could allow health author
41、ities to spot outbreaks weeks in advance of current monitoring methods.In a report, Nicholas Christakis from Harvard University and James Fowler from the University of California, San Diego put the friendship paradox to good use. In a trial carried out last autumn, they monitored the spread of flu t
42、hrough students and their friends at Harvard University, and found that their social links were indeed causing them to get infected sooner.As this result came after the outbreak, the researchers tried to come up with a real-time measure that could potentially provide an early warning sign of an outb
43、reak as it began to spread. Currently, the conventional methods used to assess an infection lag an outbreak by a week or two. Googles Flu Trends is at best simultaneous with an outbreak. Dr. Christakis and Dr. Fowler suggest that a compound method might be developed in which the search inquiries of
44、a group of highly connected individuals could be scanned for signs of the flu.Although the technique has so far only been demonstrated for the flu and in the social surroundings of a university, the researchers nevertheless think that it could help predict other infectious diseases and do so on a la
45、rger scale. Nor should it be difficult to implement. Public-health officials already conduct random sampling, so getting the participants to name a few friends too should not be troublesome. When it comes to infectious diseases, your friends really do say a lot about you.31 According to the “friends
46、hip paradox“, _.（A）ones friends are usually less popular than him（B） ill-tempered people often have few friends（C） ones friends tend to be more sociable than him（D）the hostess gains her acquaintances through parties32 By using the “friendship paradox“, people may_.（A）prevent outbreaks of contagious
47、diseases（B） isolate people from each other to avoid flu（C） abandon the current monitoring methods（D）predict outbreaks of flu earlier than present33 It can be learned that Nicholas Christakis and James Fowlers research _.（A）is a real-time measure（B） was carried out among university students（C） spots
48、the spread of flu in advance（D）discovers social links that cause flu infection34 According to Paragraph 4, Googles Flu Trends _.（A）lags an outbreak（B） precedes an outbreak（C） accompanies an outbreak（D）predicts an outbreak35 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that this new research _.（A）is li
49、mited in scale（B） is not easy to implement（C） has limited applications（D）conducts random sampling35 The past year or two has tested the idea that all publicity is good publicity, at least when it comes to business. Undeserved bonuses, plunging share prices and government funding, among other ills, have aroused the anger of the media and publicand created unexpected gain for public-relations firms. The
