1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 29 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 In recent years, weve read a lot of articles about how we need better teachers in our public schools and, if the teachers unions we
2、nt away, our kids【C1】_score like Singapores on the big international tests. Theres no question that a great teacher can make a huge difference in a students achievement, and we need to recruit, train and reward more such teachers.【C2】_heres what some new studies are also showing: We need better pare
3、nts. Parents more【C3】_on their childrens education can also make a huge difference in a students achievement.How do we know? Every three years, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, or O. E. C. D. , conducts exams as part of the Program for International Student Assessment, or P
4、ISA, which tests 15-year-olds in the worlds leading industrialized nations on their reading【C4】_and ability to use what theyve learned in math and science to solve real problems. Americas 15-year-olds have not been【C5】_themselves in the PISA exams compared with students in Singapore, Finland and Sha
5、nghai.To better understand why some students【C6】_in the PISA tests while others do not, Andreas Schleicher, who【C7】_the exams for the O. E. C. D. , was encouraged by the O. E. C. D. countries to look【C8】_the classrooms. So starting in 2006, the PISA team went to the parents of 5,000 students and int
6、erviewed them “about how they raised their kids and then compared that with the test results“. Two weeks ago, the PISA team published the main findings of its study:Fifteen-year-old students whose parents read books【C9】_with them during their first year of primary school show markedly higher scores
7、in PISA than students whose parents read with them infrequently or not at all.Schleicher explained that “just asking your child how was their school day and showing【C10 】_interest in their learning can have the same impact as hours of private tutoring. It is something every parent can do,【 C11】_thei
8、r education level or social background. “These PISA findings were【C12】_in a recent study by the National School Boards Associations Center for Public Education. “Monitoring homework; making sure children get to school; rewarding their efforts and【C13 】_the idea of going to college. These parent acti
9、ons are【C14】_to better attendance, grades, test scores, and preparation for college. “ “ The study found that getting parents【C15】_with their childrens learning at home is a more powerful【C16】_for achievement than parents attending school board meetings,【C17】_in classrooms, participating in fund【 C1
10、8】_, and showing up at back-to-school nights. “To be sure, there is no【C19】_for a good teacher. There is nothing more valuable than great classroom instruction. But lets stop putting the whole burden【C20】_teachers. We also need better parents. Better parents can make every teacher more effective.1 【
11、C1 】（A）will（B） would（C） should（D）would have2 【C2 】（A）But（B） Although（C） And（D）Even if3 【C3 】（A）relied（B） involved（C） concerned（D）focused4 【C4 】（A）composition（B） compression（C） comprehension（D）complication5 【C5 】（A）elevating（B） outstanding（C） distinguishing（D）excelling6 【C6 】（A）pass（B） benefit（C） thr
12、ive（D）arise7 【C7 】（A）overlooks（B） oversees（C） overtakes（D）overcharges8 【C8 】（A）across（B） into（C） over（D）beyond9 【C9 】（A）regularly（B） occasionally（C） voluntarily（D）temporarily10 【C10 】（A）pretended（B） parental（C） genuine（D）detached11 【C11 】（A）according to（B） respective of（C） depending on（D）regardless
13、of12 【C12 】（A）rejected（B） echoed（C） repeated（D）quoted13 【C13 】（A）talking up（B） talking back（C） talking into（D）talking with14 【C14 】（A）led（B） linked（C） directed（D）chained15 【C15 】（A）initiated（B） involved（C） impressed（D）interfered16 【C16 】（A）stimulus（B） motion（C） drive（D）force17 【C17 】（A）volunteering（
14、B） venturing（C） monitoring（D）leading18 【C18 】（A）rising（B） raising（C） collecting（D）selecting19 【C19 】（A）subordinate（B） replace（C） constitute（D）substitute20 【C20 】（A）for（B） on（C） in（D）abovePart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (
15、40 points)20 Britain has one of the biggest online economies. Its researchers invented both the web and the computer. It has the English languagewhich helps to link it with Californias Silicon Valley and Indian high-techand great universities. There are thriving tech clusters in Bristol, London and
16、elsewhere. More so than other European countries, Britain should be competing with America as a tech leader.Yet it has nurtured relatively few big tech companies and no huge ones. In particular, Britain has vanishingly few “platform“ firmsi. e. , the sort that, like Microsoft, Google or Facebook, ha
17、ve built and marketed a service or piece of software on which other businesses and applications rely. That is where the real money is: platforms tend to yield lots of jobs in spin-offs and ancillary enterprises. Britain has Autonomy, which makes specialized search software, and ARM, which designs th
18、e microchips for Apple s iPhones. Both are leaders in their fields, but neither is a giant.There should surely be more. Individual ideas and people are the key, obviously, but there are two problems with Britain s tech ecology that its government could ameliorate . One is the absence of a market as
19、big and homogeneous as American tech firms enjoy. Another is a relative shortage of capital for start-ups and growing firms.Begin with the market. You might think that distance and geography would be marginal considerations for tech firms. You would be wrong. For American firms, a domestic market of
20、 300m interconnected English-speaking consumers is a big advantage. Europe is fragmented not only by multiple languages but also by the lack of a properly common market in services, including digital ones, so tech firms must still overcome assorted legal and bureaucratic barriers to trade across the
21、 EU.When it comes to finance,Britain lags Silicon Valley, where many entrepreneurs see investing in the next generation as a sort of moral responsibility. George Osborne, the chancellor of the exchequer , made some progress in his most recent budget by increasing the tax relief available for investo
22、rs in startups. He should now look at the capital-gains tax regime: investors who make speculative bets and hit the jackpot should be able to keep and reinvest more of their winnings. Designing a system that rewards such risks but does not allow people to shelter their income from tax is tricky, but
23、 not impossible. It would help British businesspeople to think bigger, too: the absence of funding for growth is one reason some sell up at a relatively early stage.The government should be more relaxed about bolstering the supply of indigenous entrepreneurs with foreigners, as well as about admitti
24、ng more workers with technical and commercial skills that are in short supply. Beneath its wrongheaded , headline goal to slash net immigration, the government has sensibly made sure that a route remains open for entrepreneurs. The trouble is, it is not always obvious which would-be newcomer will en
25、d up striking gold; when a six-year-old Sergey Brin emigrated from Russia to America with his family, it was not yet clear that he would one day co-found Google. By cutting the numbers of foreign students it allows in, current immigration policy is shrinking the commercial pool as well as the academ
26、ic one. London is a magnet for creative types everywhere; capitalize on thatand let more of them in.21 What does the author intend to convey through Paragraph 1?（A）British researchers invented both the web and the computer.（B） The English language helps Britain to connect with California s Silicon V
27、alley and Indian high-tech.（C） Britain is superior to other European countries in high tech.（D）Britain with so many advantages, though, failed to compete with America in high tech.22 What does the word “ameliorate“ in Paragraph 3 probably refers to?（A）to revamp（B） to abolish（C） to yield（D）to empower
28、23 Comparing with American firms, British lags with its market on the following aspects except_.（A）geographical margin（B） multiple languages（C） assorted legal barriers（D）bureaucratic barriers24 According to the last paragraph, the British government should_.（A）relax regulation on immigration（B） slas
29、h net immigration（C） cut the number of oversea students（D）shrink the commercial pool 25 Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?（A）British Governments Incompetence（B） Absence of Funding for Start-ups in Britain（C） Britains Shrinking Immigration Policy（D）Where s Britain s Bill
30、Gates?25 In the grand scheme of things Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are normally thought of as good guys. Between them, they came up with the ethical theory known as utilitarianism . The goal of this theory is encapsulated in Benthams famous saying that “the greatest happiness of the greatest
31、 number is the foundation of morals and legislation. “Which all sounds fine and dandy until you start applying it to particular cases. A utilitarian, for example, might approve of the occasional torture of suspected terroristsfor the greater happiness of everyone else, you understand. That type of o
32、bservation has led Daniel Bartels at Columbia University and David Pizarro at Cornell to ask what sort of people actually do have a utilitarian outlook on life. Their answers, just published in Cognition, are not comfortable.One of the classic techniques used to measure a persons willingness to beha
33、ve in a utilitarian way is known as trolleyology. The subject of the study is challenged with thought experiments involving a runaway railway trolley or train carriage. All involve choices, each of which leads to people s deaths. For example: there are five railway workmen in the path of a runaway c
34、arriage. The men will surely be killed unless the subject of the experiment, a bystander in the story, does something. The subject is told he is on a bridge over the tracks. Next to him is a big, heavy stranger. The subject is informed that his own body would be too light to stop the train, but that
35、 if he pushes the stranger onto the tracks, the strangers large body will stop the train and save the five lives. That, unfortunately, would kill the stranger.Dr Bartels and Dr Pizarro knew from previous research that around 90% of people refuse the utilitarian act of killing one individual to save
36、five. What no one had previously inquired about, though, was the nature of the remaining 10%.To find out, the two researchers gave 208 undergraduates a battery of trolleyological tests and measured, on a four-point scale, how utilitarian their responses were. Participants were also asked to respond
37、to a series of statements intended to get a sense of their individual psychologies. These statements included, “I like to see fist fights“ , “The best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear“, and “When you really think about it, life is not worth the effort of getting up in the
38、morning“. These statements, and others like them, were designed to measure, respectively, psychopathy , and a person s sense of how meaningful life is.Dr Bartels and Dr Pizarro then correlated the results from the trolleyology with those from the personality tests. They found a strong link between u
39、tilitarian answers to moral dilemmas (push the fat guy off the bridge) and personalities that were psychopathic, or tended to view life as meaningless. Utilitarians, this suggests, may add to the sum of human happiness, but they are not very happy people themselves.That does not make utilitarianism
40、wrong. Crafting legislationone of the main things that Bentham and Mill wanted to improveinevitably involves riding roughshod over someone s interests. Utilitarianism provides a plausible framework for deciding who should get trampled. The results obtained by Dr Bartels and Dr Pizarro do, though, ra
41、ise questions about the type of people who you want making the laws. Psychopathic misanthropes ? Apparently, yes.26 Which of the following statements may be consent by a utilitarian?（A）The abuse of terrorists is in any sense unacceptable and immoral.（B） The use of animal in research should be abando
42、ned in any case.（C） For the welfare of all the citizens, government should impose more tax on the wealthy.（D）Death penalty should be legalized for the social security.27 According to the case of trolleyology, we know that utilitarians usually make a decision by_.（A）weighing the consequences of diffe
43、rent scenarios（B） complying with an absolute and unchanged moral standard（C） giving priority to the interest of a specific group（D）calculating the best way to avoid risk28 Daniel Bartels and David Pizarro aim at analyzing_.（A）the logical foundation of utilitarianism（B） the application of utilitarian
44、ism in legislation（C） the link between personality and utilitarian tendency（D）the moral flaw in the case of trolleyology29 Which of the following statements about utilitarianism may be agreed with by the author of this article?（A）Utilitarianism is a logically and morally unsound philosophical perspe
45、ctive that should be completely discarded.（B） Utilitarianism provides a plausible framework for balancing the interests of different groups.（C） Utilitarianism adds up to the happiness of the majority while helps little in increasing personal happiness.（D）Utilitarians are not suitable for making laws
46、 because of their flawed personality.30 It can be inferred from the passage that_.（A）in real life, only around 10% of people would act in a utilitarian way.（B） a utilitarian is necessarily an unhappy and psychopathic person.（C） the process of legislation usually involves choices in a dilemma.（D）thos
47、e engaging in legal profession are usually utilitarians.30 As one of a rare group of economists who believe that “manufacturing matters“ for the health of the American economy, I was heartened to hear President Obama emphasize manufacturing in his State of the Union address. During the last two year
48、s, the manufacturing sector has led the economic recovery, expanding by about 10 percent and adding more than 300,000 jobs. Though there are economists who do not share my view, I believe that a strong manufacturing sector matters for several reasons.First, economists agree that the United States mu
49、st rebalance growth away from consumption and imports financed by foreign borrowing toward exports. Manufactured goods account for about 86 percent of merchandise exports from the United States and about 60 percent of exports of goods and services combined. American manufacturing exports are becoming more attractive as a result of rising wages abroad, the decline in the dollar s value, increasing supply-chain coordination an
