1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 30 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Facebook has been【C1】_with fire and has got its fingers burned, again. On November 29th Americas Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ann
2、ounced that it had reached a【C2】_settlement with the giant social network over【C3】_that it had misled people about its use of their personal data.The details of the settlement make clear that Facebook, which【C4】_over 800m users, betrayed its users trust. It is also notable because it appears to be p
3、art of a broader【C5 】_by the FTC to craft a new privacy framework to deal with the rapid【C6 】_of social networks in America.The regulators findings come at a【C7】_moment for Facebook, which is said to be preparing for an initial public offering next year that could value it at around $100 billion. To
4、【C8】_the way for its listing, the firm first needs to resolve its privacy【C9】_with regulators in America and Europe,【C10】_its willingness to negotiate the settlement【C11】_this week.Announcing the agreement, the FTC said it had found a number of cases where Facebook had made claims that were “unfair
5、and deceptive, and【C12】_federal law“. For instance, it【C13】_personally identifiable information to advertisers, and it failed to keep a promise to make photos and videos on deleted accounts【C14】_.The settlement does not【C15】_an admission by Facebook that it has broken the law, but it deeply【C16】_the
6、 company nonetheless. In a blog post published the same day, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook s boss, tried to【C17】_the impact of the deal. First he claimed that “ a small number of high-profile mistakes“ were【C18】_the social networks “good history“ on privacy.The FTC is not relying on Facebook to police i
7、tself. Among other things, the company will now have to seek consumers approval before it changes the way it shares their data. And it has agreed to an independent privacy audit every two years for the next 20 years.There is a clear pattern here. In separate cases over the past couple of years the F
8、TC has insisted that Twitter and Google accept regular【C19 】_audits, too, after each firm was accused of violating its customers privacy. The intent seems to be to create a regulatory regime that is tighter than the status quo,【C20】_one that still gives social networks plenty of room to innovate.1 【
9、C1 】（A）setting（B） playing（C） fighting（D）turning2 【C2 】（A）craft（B） documentary（C） trade（D）draft3 【C3 】（A）verdicts（B） allegations（C） rumors（D）affirmation4 【C4 】（A）boasts（B） exaggerates（C） estimates（D）assesses5 【C5 】（A）impulse（B） initiative（C） innovation（D）motion6 【C6 】（A）increase（B） elevation（C） rise（
10、D）appearance7 【C7 】（A）indispensable（B） essential（C） critical（D）fundamental8 【C8 】（A）steer（B） clear（C） lay（D）remove9 【C9 】（A）controversy（B） competition（C） dispute（D）compromise10 【C10 】（A）despite（B） given（C） although（D）hence11 【C11 】（A）unveiled（B） discovered（C） exposed（D）revealed12 【C12 】（A）violated（B
11、） assaulted（C） resisted（D）betrayed13 【C13 】（A）informed（B） entrust（C） imparted（D）confided14 【C14 】（A）available（B） retrievable（C） reversible（D）inaccessible15 【C15 】（A）constitute（B） correspond（C） confirm（D）conceive16 【C16 】（A）involves（B） strikes（C） embarrasses（D）attacks17 【C17 】（A）turn down（B） cut down
12、（C） play down（D）bring down18 【C18 】（A）overshadowing（B） overlooking（C） overtaking（D）overthrowing19 【C19 】（A）expert（B） external（C） formal（D）automatic20 【C20 】（A）and（B） but（C） thus（D）despitePart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (
13、40 points)20 Last week 8,400 British students about to enter university received an e-mail from the Student Loans Company (SLC), a government body, reminding them to complete their application forms. It came with an attachment that listed all 8,400 e-mail addresses. The outfit later issued a sheepis
14、h apology and promised an “internal investigation“. At best, such data breaches make a small dent in a firms reputation and the whole thing blows over, as it did SLCs case; at worst, though, companies lose the trust of their customers and also have to pay large fines. Sony, an ailing Japanese electr
15、onics giant, may never quite recover from breach last year, when hackers stole the personal details of over 100m customers.The explosion of data in recent years was always going to make data breaches more common, as two recent reports make clear. The first is an annual publication commissioned by Sy
16、mantec, a maker of security software, and carried out by the Ponemon Institute, a data-protection researcher, to look into the cost of data breaches in several countries. Now in its seventh year, the report had some good news for Americans. Calculating the costs of investigations, compensation, cust
17、omer support and projected loss of revenue, it found that the average cost to a company per breached record declined for the first time since the numbers are tracked. The figure dropped from $214 in 2010 to $194 in 2011, suggesting that companies had become better both at preventing and responding t
18、o breaches.Europeans fared less well. The cost rose from 71 to 79 ($113 to $126) in Britain, from 98 to 122 ($ 130 to $ 162) in France and from 138 to 146 in privacy-conscious Germany. In all four countries, around two-thirds of all breaches were the result of technical faults and malicious attacks.
19、 But the remaining third was down to negligence. They could, in other words, never have happened.The second study goes some way to explaining why they did. Iron Mountain, a data-management company, commissioned PricewaterhouseCoopers, a consultancy, to assess the risk of information loss faced by mi
20、d-size European companies based on their attitudes to managing data. The report looks at 600 businesses in six European countries across different sectors. It found that businesses tend to regard data protection issues as the responsibility of IT departments. More than half thought that technology c
21、an solve the problem. Only 1% of the businesses surveyed believed it concerned all employeesand thus required a change in behavior.Both reports conclude that is precisely what is needed. Symantecs study found a correlation between having a senior executive in charge of information security and lower
22、 costs of data breaches. “ It has to start at the top,“ says Marc Duale, Iron Mountains head. The best solution need not be the most expensiveemployee-awareness programs and staff training can be more effective than pricey IT upgrades. Malicious attacks may be unavoidable but silly mistakes are unfo
23、rgivable.21 According to Paragraph 1, the Student Loan Company_.（A）was attacked by hackers maliciously just like Sony（B） responded to the data disclosure in a more diplomatic way than Sony（C） recovered more quickly from the data disclosure scandal than Sony（D）incurred heavier financial losses from d
24、ata breach case than Sony22 The first report probes into the problem of data breach by_.（A）calculating the capital that companies pour into preventing data breach（B） assessing the risk of information loss faced by different companies（C） identifying the factors that contribute to data breach（D）comput
25、ing the loss and expenditure arising from data breach23 Which of the following statements is true according to the first report?（A）The problem of data breach in America is less severe than that in three European countries.（B） The majority of data breaches in America are caused by uncontrollable fact
26、ors.（C） America spends more in preventing data breach than its European counterparts.（D）America made progress in data protection while its European counterparts went backward.24 According to the second report, the occurrence of those data breach cases which should be avoided is a result of_.（A）an un
27、derestimation of the risk of information loss faced by companies（B） a lack of senior executives in charge of information security（C） the negligence of duty of staff in IT department（D）the failure to instill the concept of information security into every employees25 From the last paragraph, we know t
28、hat the best way to improve data protection performance, companies should_.（A）start a top-down information security training involving all employees（B） upgrade data processing software of IT department（C） equip senior executives with more knowledge about information protection（D）include data protect
29、ion in the performance assessment of all employees25 Of the worlds 774m illiterate adults two-thirds are women, a share that has remained unchanged for the past two decades. But girls everywhere are beginning to catch up. Across the emerging world, 78% of them are now at primary school, an only slig
30、htly smaller proportion than boys (82%). At secondary level enrolment remains lower and girls are further behind, but things are getting better there too.The big surprise of the past few decades has been womens huge advance into tertiary education. Across rich countries the share of those aged over
31、25 who have had some form of higher education is now 33% , against 28% of men in the same age group. Even in many developing regions they make up a majority of students in higher education.It is too soon to feel sorry for men. Although women now earn more first degrees, they mostly still get fewer P
32、hDs, and if they stay on in academia they are promoted more slowly than men. Many of them are put off by the way the academic promotion system works, explains Lotte Bailyn, a professor at MIT Sloan School of Management. To get ahead, young hopefuls have to put in a huge amount of time and effort jus
33、t when many women start to think about having a family, so they do not apply for senior posts. Ms Bailyn approvingly notes the recent decision by Americas National Science Foundation, which funds a big chunk of the universities basic research, to allow grant recipients to take a break.Crucially, wom
34、ens lead at first-degree level does not so far seem to have translated into better job opportunities. In a paper published earlier this year Ina Ganguli of Harvards Kennedy School of Government concluded that the achievement of educational parity is a “cheque in the mail“ that may presage more women
35、 joining the labor force, but lots of other factorssuch as cultural attitudes and the availability of child carealso play a part. On its own, educational parityeven superiorityis not enough.Women may not be helping themselves by concentrating heavily on subjects that set them apart from men. In rich
36、 countries they account for over 70% of degrees in humanities and health, whereas the vast majority of degrees in mathematics and engineering go to men. Women with humanities degrees are less likely to be in demand for jobs in high-tech industries, which tend to pay well. At postgraduate level the g
37、ap between subjects gets even bigger. And on MBA courses, the classic avenue to senior corporate jobs, women make up only about a third of the students.Such differences between males and females show up quite early in life, but not nearly big enough to explain the huge differences in the choice of s
38、ubject at university level. The OECDs PISA researchers conclude that the choices have little to do with ability and may well be influenced by ingrained stereotypes. That would help to explain why they vary so much from country to country. In Japan women are awarded only 11% of all degrees in enginee
39、ring, manufacturing and construction; in Indonesia their share is exactly half. 26 Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?（A）The number of females having higher education in rich countries is larger than that in developing countries.（B） The number of women with doctor deg
40、rees is smaller than that of men.（C） The illiteracy rate of world population has remained unchanged for the past two decades.（D）In emerging countries, girls have almost equal access to elementary and secondary education as boys.27 One recent decision made byAmericas National Science Foundation may c
41、hange the unfavorable situation for females in academic promotion because_.（A）it allocates more funds to the research field predominated by females（B） it radically changes the academic promotion mechanism in universities（C） it eases the restrictions on the age of candidates applying for senior posts
42、（D）it allows researchers to finish the project on a more flexible schedule28 By comparing education parity to a“ cheque in the mail“ , Ina Ganguli means that_.（A）education parity will not have an immediate financial payback（B） education parity does not necessarily guarantee more women join the workf
43、orce（C） education parity does not mean male and female stand an equal chance for job（D）the benefits of education parity always come in disguised forms29 The article mentions the following gaps between male and female in education over rich countries except that_.（A）less females receive PhD degrees t
44、han males（B） female scholars are promoted more slowly than their male colleagues（C） men and woman are not equally paid for the same job（D）women tend to focus on majors with less appealing payment prospects30 The contrast between Japanese women and Indonesian women in the last paragraph suggests that
45、_.（A）women in different countries vary widely in their mathematic ability（B） the different preference for subjects between male and female is a phenomenon specific to some countries（C） culture will have some effect on girls performance in majors closely linked with mathematics（D）girls preference to
46、choose health and humanities as majors is largely influenced by cultural stereotype30 Americans are supposed to be mobile and even pushy. Saul Bellows Augie March declares, “ I am an American , first to knock, first admitted. “ In “The Grapes of Wrath,“ young Tom Joad loads up his car with pork snac
47、ks and relatives, and the family flees the Oklahoma for California. Along the way, Granma dies, but the Joads keep going.But sometime in the past 30 years, someone has hit the brakes and Americansparticularly young Americanshave become risk-averse and sedentary. The likelihood of 20-somethings movin
48、g to another state has dropped well over 40 percent since the 1980s, according to calculations based on Census Bureau data. The stuck-at-home mentality hits college-educated Americans as well as those without high school degrees. Even bicycle sales are lower now than they were in 2000. Todays genera
49、tion is literally going nowhere.An increasing number of teenagers are not even bothering to get their drivers licenses. Back in the early 1980s, 80 percent of 18-year-olds proudly strutted out of the D. M. V. with new licenses, according to a study by researchers at the University of Michigans Transportation Research Institute. By 2008even before the Great Recessionthat number had dropped to 65 percent.
