1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 40 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 The invention of both labor-saving tools and tools of intelligence is rarely accidental. Instead, it is usually the product of huma
2、n need;【C1】_is truly the mother of invention. People usually devise tools to【C2】_for natural deficiencies. For example, people invented weapons to defend【C3】_from physically superior【C4】_. But【C5】_is only one incentive for inventions. People also invent【 C6】_tools to【C7】_certain established tasks mo
3、re efficiently. For instance, people developed the bow and arrow from the【C8】_spear or javelin in order to shoot【C9】_and strike with greater strength.【C10 】_civilizations developed, greater work efficiency came to be demanded, and【C11】_tools became more 【C12】_. A tool would【C13】_a function until it
4、proved【C14 】_in meeting human needs, at which point an improvement would be made. One impetus for invention has always been the【C15】_for speed and high-quality results provided they are achieved【C16】_reasonable costs. Stone pebbles were sufficient to account for small quantities of possessions,【C17】
5、_they were not efficient enough for performing sophisticated mathematics. However, beads arranged systematically evolved into the abacus. The【C18】_of this tool can be【C19】_to the development of commerce in the East around 3000 B.C., and the abacus is known【C20】_by the ancient Babylonians, Egyptians,
6、 Chinese, etc1 【C1 】（A）imagination（B） creativity（C） necessity（D）illusion2 【C2 】（A）substitute（B） compensate（C） account（D）qualify3 【C3 】（A）their possessions（B） their children（C） themselves（D）them4 【C4 】（A）enemies（B） neighbors（C） disasters（D）animals5 【C5 】（A）entertainment（B） luxury（C） survival（D）adapta
7、tion6 【C6 】（A）ordinary（B） common（C） particular（D）valuable7 【C7 】（A）tackle（B） perform（C） operate（D）facilitate8 【C8 】（A）deserted（B） existing（C） withering（D）outdated9 【C9 】（A）far（B） further（C） farther（D）furthest10 【C10 】（A）Since（B） If（C） Now that（D）As11 【C11 】（A）as a result（B） for one reason（C） by no m
8、eans（D）at any rate12 【C12 】（A）convenient（B） sophisticated（C） elaborate（D）comprehensive13 【C13 】（A）serve（B） act（C） play（D）commit14 【C14 】（A）inefficient（B） effective（C） adequate（D）sufficient15 【C15 】（A）access（B） promotion（C） remedy（D）quest16 【C16 】（A）with（B） in（C） for（D）at17 【C17 】（A）but（B） and（C） whi
9、le（D）thus18 【C18 】（A）origins（B） devices（C） sources（D）evidences19 【C19 】（A）trailed（B） traced（C） trapped（D）tested20 【C20 】（A）to be used（B） to have used（C） to have been used（D）to usePart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 point
10、s)20 To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.“ One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to re
11、spond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health
12、care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use an
13、ything that comes from or is tested in animals no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.“ Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said,
14、“Dont worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.“ Such well-meaning people just dont understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection
15、between animal research and a grandmothers hip replacement, a fathers bypass operation, a babys vaccinations, and even a pets shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best an
16、d cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt“ middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be op
17、ened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value
18、 of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.21 The author begins his article with Edmund Burkes words to_.（A）call on scientists to take some act
19、ions（B） criticize the misguided cause of animal rights（C） warn of the doom of biomedical research（D）show the triumph of the animal rights movement22 Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is_.（A）cruel but natural（B） inhuman and unacceptable（C） inevitable but vicious（D）pointless
20、 and wasteful23 The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the publics_.（A）discontent with animal research（B） ignorance about medical science（C） indifference to epidemics（D）anxiety about animal rights24 The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scie
21、ntists should_.（A）communicate more with the public（B） employ hi-tech means in research（C） feel no shame for their cause（D）strive to develop new cures25 From the passage we learn that Stephen Cooper is_.（A）a well-known humanist（B） a medical practitioner（C） an enthusiast in animal rights（D）a supporter
22、 of animal research25 After Tesco entered the Thai market in 1998 with its brand of colorful, well-stocked superstores, angry local competitors tried to impede the powerhouse UK-based retailers progress with a wall of lawsuits including one that would have forced Tesco Lotus, the companys regional s
23、ubsidiary, to shut off air-conditioning because chilly stores posed a public health hazard to the equatorial Thai people. Frivolous legal actions were a minor nuisance compared with what came next. Over a five-month period last year, two Tesco Lotus outlets were bombed, another peppered with automat
24、ic weapons fire and yet another hit by a rocket-propelled grenade.Despite threats by governments to ban them, chains including Frances Carrefour and US-based Wal-Mart are ramping up plans to hundreds of new outlets throughout the region over the next several years. The onslaught threatens to run loc
25、al retailers right out of business. Local retailers are not the only ones displaced when the superstore comes to town. Because of their high turnover, hypermarkets can throw their weight around with local suppliers by demanding lower prices. Costco buys directly from manufacturers to stock its two s
26、tores in Japan a practice that disrupts the countrys entrenched but inefficient distribution networks. Thats not to say the foreigners are unstoppable. Carrefour, the worlds second largest retailer, tried and failed to crack the Hong Kong market in the 1990s. Hong Kong consumers seemed to prefer fam
27、iliar neighborhood chain stores.Undeterred, foreign hypermarkets have learned to adapt, often by forming joint ventures with domestic partners and by stocking local wares. “A lot of people make the mistake of thinking that when Wal-Mart comes to town, we set up exactly the same system as we do every
28、where,“ says Holley of Wal-Mart. “But we take our best practices and customize it to each market.“Mike Sinegal, head of Costcos Japan operations, agrees that stores must trim their sails according to prevailing winds, but dismisses the notion that Asian consumers are very different from shoppers in,
29、 say, Los Angeles. When Costco entered Japan, he says, local suppliers insisted American shampoos wouldnt sell because Japanese hair is different. But Costcos private-label brand quickly became one of its top-selling products. “The bottom line is that the uniqueness of these markets is overrated,“ s
30、ays Sinegal.Local retailers assert that they are more aware of the local people and their consumption customs compared with the foreigners. Shoppers, however, dont seem to care. Because of economic globalization, it doesnt matter whether you are a foreign store or a domestic store. Whats important i
31、s that you provide what local customers really need at a price that most people can afford.26 What is the passage mainly about?（A）The influence of foreign superstores on Asias economy.（B） The challenges that foreign superstores face in Asia.（C） The marketing strategies of famous foreign superstores
32、in Asia.（D）The role of famous hypermarkets in the process of economic globalization.27 The phrase “throw ones weight around“(Paragraph 2)probably means_.（A）to look down upon others and intimidate others into doing something（B） to spend money foolishly in order to show ones wealth（C） to use ones powe
33、r to tell people what to do in an unpleasant way（D）to discourage others by showing off their strength28 Mike Sinegal indicates that_.（A）the foreign chains should take their best practices and customize them to each market（B） the differences between markets are not as great as people have expected（C）
34、 private-level brand neednt take the locational factor so seriously（D）the uniqueness of the market is not as important as the marketing strategy29 We can learn from the passage that_.（A）some foreign chains are considering relocating to more hospitable lands（B） Carrefour is quite welcome by the local
35、 consumers with its abundance of products（C） Costco has carried out many promotional campaigns to attract the local customers（D）some foreign hyperstores are trying to cooperate with local partners to adjust themselves30 What is the authors attitude towards foreign superstores?（A）Approving.（B） Critic
36、al.（C） Indifferent.（D）Suspicious.30 We assumed ethics needed the seal of certainty, else it was non-rational. And certainty was to be produced by a deductive model: the correct actions were derivable from classical first principles or a hierarchically ranked pantheon of principles. This model, thoug
37、h, is bankrupt.I suggest we think of ethics as analogous to language usage. There are no univocal rules of grammar and style which uniquely determine the best sentence for a particular situation. Nor is language usage universalizable. Although a sentence or phrase is warranted in one case, it does n
38、ot mean it is automatically appropriate in like circumstances. Nonetheless, language usage is not subjective.This should not surprise us in the least. All intellectual pursuits are relativistic in just these senses. Political science, psychology, chemistry, and physics are not certain, but they are
39、not subjective either. As I see it, ethnical inquiry proceeds like this: we are taught moral principles by parents, teachers, and society at large. As we grow older we become exposed to competing views. These may lead us to reevaluate presently held beliefs. Or we may find ourselves inexplicably mak
40、ing certain valuations, possibly because of inherited altruistic tendencies. We may “learn the hard way“ that some actions generate unacceptable consequences. Or we may reflect upon our own and others “theories“ or patterns of behavior and decide they are inconsistent. The resulting views are “teste
41、d“; we act as we think we should and evaluate the consequences of those actions on ourselves and on others. We thereby correct our mistakes in light of the test of time.Of course people make different moral judgments; of course we cannot resolve these differences by using some algorithm which is its
42、elf beyond judgment. We have no vantage point outside human experience where we can judge right and wrong, good and bad. But then we dont have a vantage point from where we can be philosophical relativists either.We are left within the real world, trying to cope with ourselves, with each other, with
43、 the world, and with our own fallibility. We do not have all the moral answers, nor do we have an algorithm to discern those answers, neither do we possess an algorithm for determining correct language usage but that does not make us throw up our hands in despair because we can no longer communicate
44、.If we understand ethics in this way, we can see, I think, the real value of ethical theory. Some people talk as if ethical theories give us moral prescriptions. They think we should apply ethical principles as we would a poultice: after diagnosing the ailment, we apply the appropriate dressing. But
45、 that is a mistake. No theory provides a set of abstract solutions to apply straightforwardly. Ethical theories are important not because they solve all moral dilemmas but because they help us notice salient features of moral problems and help us understand those problems in context. 31 Ethical prin
46、ciples are generally thought to be_.（A）explicitly clear（B） implicitly vague（C） certain but non-rational（D）relative but not subjective32 In what way is ethics similar to language use?（A）Both have rules to determine the optimal choice under a circumstance.（B） Both vary according to the context they ar
47、e applicable to.（C） Both are objective, not subjective, entities.（D）Similar sets of rules can be applied in quite different situations.33 What does the author mean by saying that we may learn moral principles “the hard way“?（A）We reevaluate our previously held beliefs as we grow older.（B） We refute
48、some moral principles only after we find them inconsistent.（C） We acquire a sense of right and wrong from real life lessons.（D）We act by ignoring our inherited altruistic tendencies.34 It is implied in the passage that a relativistic view of ethnics_.（A）can only be acquired after real life lessons（B
49、） often generate unacceptable consequences（C） is more mature and rational（D）is too abstract to be of any practical value35 The author thinks that the true value of ethical theory lies in_.（A）its prescriptive power（B） its diagnostic function（C） its effectiveness in resolving moral dilemmas（D）its relevance to the situation35 Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been
