1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 44 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two “be
2、havior segments“ in some novel way, never actually performed before, so as to reach a goal. Two followers of Clark Hull, Howard and Tracey Kendler,【C1】_a test for children that was explicitly based on Clark Hulls principles. The children were given the【C2】_of learning to operate a machine so as to g
3、et a toy. In order to succeed they had to go through a two-stage【C3 】_. The children were trained on each stage【C4】_. The stages consisted merely of pressing the correct one of two buttons to get a marble; and of【C5】_the marble into a small hole to release the toy.The Kendlers found that the childre
4、n could learn the separate bits readily enough.【C6】_the task of getting a marble by pressing the button they could get the marble; given the task of getting a toy when a marble was handed to them, they could use the marble.(All they had to do was put it in a hole.) 【C7】_they did not for the most par
5、t “integrate“, to use the Kendlers terminology. They did not press the button to get the marble and then【C8 】_without further help to use the marble to get the toy. So the Kendlers concluded that they were incapable of deductive【C9】_.The mystery at first appears to deepen when we learn, from【C10】_ps
6、ychologist, Michael Cole, and his colleagues, that adults in an African culture apparently cannot do the Kendlers task either. But it lessens,【C11】_. when we learn that a task was devised which was【C12】_to the Kendlers one but much easier for the African males to handle.【C13 】_the button-pressing ma
7、chine, Cole used a locked box and two【C14 】_colored match-boxes, one of which contained a key that would open the box. Notice that there are still two【C15】_segments “open the right matchbox to get the key“ and “use the key to open the box“ so the task seems formally to be【C16】_. But psychologically
8、it is quite different. Now the subject is dealing not with a strange machine but with familiar meaningful objects; and it is clear to him what he is meant to do. It then【C17】_that the difficulty of integration is greatly reduced.Recent work by Simon Hewson is of great interest here for it shows that
9、, for young children,【C18】_. the difficulty lies not in the【C19】_processes which the task demands, but in certain perplexing features of the apparatus and the procedure. When these are changed in ways which do not at all affect the inferential nature of the problem, then five-year-old children solve
10、 the problem【C20】_college students did in the Kendlers own experiments.1 【C1 】（A）devised（B） made（C） did（D）produced2 【C2 】（A）work（B） duty（C） task（D）obligation3 【C3 】（A）consequence（B） sequence（C） result（D）order4 【C4 】（A）exclusively（B） completely（C） fully（D）separately5 【C5 】（A）inferring（B） importing（C）
11、 inserting（D）imagining6 【C6 】（A）Given（B） Appointed（C） Furnished（D）Distributed7 【C7 】（A）Moreover（B） But（C） Thus（D）Then8 【C8 】（A）prolong（B） propose（C） process（D）proceed9 【C9 】（A）reassuming（B） discussing（C） reasoning（D）demonstrating10 【C10 】（A）another（B） different（C） additional（D）else11 【C11 】（A）whats
12、more（B） in the second place（C） in addition（D）on the other hand12 【C12 】（A）like（B） similar（C） diverse（D）familiar13 【C13 】（A）Apart from（B） Thanks to（C） Instead of（D）Except for14 【C14 】（A）correctly（B） equally（C） intendedly（D）differently15 【C15 】（A）manner（B） behavior（C） deed（D）activity16 【C16 】（A）the sa
13、me（B） the identical（C） the duplicate（D）the alike17 【C17 】（A）turns on（B） turns over（C） turns out（D）turns up18 【C18 】（A）either（B） also（C） likewise（D）too19 【C19 】（A）infectious（B） inferential（C） innovative（D）indignant20 【C20 】（A）as much as（B） as soon as（C） as well as（D）as quickly asPart ADirections: Rea
14、d the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Because agriculture is so important to a nations well-being, governments have always been concerned with it. For example, the United States and Canada have long produced surpluses that complicate
15、 their economies. Surpluses tend to lower prices to farmers and seriously endanger the agriculture industry. Governments have instituted systems of price supports to maintain a fair price when surpluses cause prices to drop. The system in the United States is a good example. A government program sup
16、ports the prices paid to farmers for grains, and other agricultural products.Support prices are based on parity, which is the ratio between the prices farmers receive for their crops and the prices they must pay for things they need. The government selected the period from 1910 to 1914 as a time whe
17、n farm prices were in a fair ratio with farming costs. This is the base period now used to determine parity prices.The idea is to assure farmers that what they get for a bushel of wheat will buy the same amount of, say, seed as it did in the years of the base period; if prices drop too far below thi
18、s ideal the government can help in a number of ways. For example, it may buy much of a surplus at parity prices. Governments have instituted a wide variety of other controls for prices and, also, for farm output, mainly at the request of the farmers themselves. Farm prices tend to fluctuate more tha
19、n other prices do, and the incomes of farmers fluctuate along with farm prices.Various measures for maintaining farm prices and incomes include tariff or import levies, import quotas, export subsidies, direct payment to farmers, and limitations on production. All of these measures are useful and are
20、 used to some extent by most developed countries. An important example of such a program is the soil-bank plan, which aimed at limiting production while improving farmland.The European Economic Community(EEC)established a common agricultural policy(CAP)for its member nations, called the Common Marke
21、t countries. The aim is to create free trade for individual commodities within the community. When production of a commodity exceeds EEC consumption, the EEC may buy the excess for storage, pay to have it reprocessed, or export it to countries outside the Common Market. In this way the EEC can maint
22、ain its members farm prices at levels equal to or even higher than those in such market-competitive nations as the United States and Canada.21 By saying that a countrys agricultural surpluses often “complicate“ its economy, the author means_.（A）they throw the country into great disorder（B） they enta
23、il more expenditure on the part of the government（C） they usually involve direct governmental support price（D）the government has to set up special pricing systems22 According to the passage, the parity system is used to_.（A）encourage farmers to produce more grains in the future（B） lower the cost of
24、producing agricultural product（C） determine the prices below which grains will not be sold（D）ensure that the farmers interest is properly protected23 The governments impose many kinds of control for farm prices and output because_.（A）farm crops are their main sources of export（B） the prices of diffe
25、rent farm crops vary greatly（C） they are fully aware of the importance of them（D）farm prices and output are very unstable24 It can be inferred that the common agricultural policy aims to_.（A）avoid competition among its member nations（B） limit production and improve farmland（C） ensure a balance betwe
26、en production and consumption（D）encourage free competition among its member nations 25 Why do governments show special concern for agriculture?（A）Because farm prices go up and down constantly.（B） Because farmers usually earn less than other income groups.（C） Because there is not much arable farmland
27、 left.（D）Because farmers are confronted with fiercer competition.25 Migration is usually defined as “permanent or semi-permanent change of residence“. However, our concern is with movement between nations, not with internal migration within nations, although such movements often exceed international
28、 movements in volume. Today, the motives of people who move short distances are very similar to those of international migrants.Students of human migration speak of “push“ and “pull“ factors, which influence an individuals decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with
29、the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple and mild a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as traumatic as war, or severe famine. Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointed at their heads are motivated almost entirely by push factors(although pull factors do i
30、nfluence their choice of destination).Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often these are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance for a good life and material
31、 well-being than is offered by the place of origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who a
32、re willing to help the newcomers settle in.Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call “intervening obstacles“. Even if push and(or)pull factors are very strong they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of mo
33、ving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problems likely to be encountered on arrival. The decision to move is also influenced by “personal factors“ of the potential migrant. The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear in
34、teresting and challenging to an unmarried young man and appallingly difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to learn a new language and customs may excite one person and frighten another. Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people ca
35、uses conflict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.26 The author thinks that pull factors_.（A）are all
36、 related to economic considerations（B） are not as decisive as push factors（C） include a variety of considerations（D）are more important than push factors27 People moving within country borders are often motivated by the desire to_.（A）follow suit（B） live close to relatives（C） integrate themselves into
37、 the mainstream society（D）escape persecution28 It is implied in the last paragraph that_.（A）push and pull factors are complicated by many other considerations in migration（B） push and pull factors are less important than personal factors of the migrants（C） push factors affect the older people with f
38、amilies more than unmarried young people（D）pull factors bring about fewer adjustment problems in the new settlements29 Peoples decisions to migrate might be influenced by all the following EXCEPT_（A）personalities（B） education（C） marital status（D）abilities30 The purpose of the passage is to discuss_.
39、（A）the problems of international migrants（B） the motives of international migrants（C） migration inside the country（D）the adjustment problems experienced by immigrants30 How can a company improve its sales? One of the keys to more effective selling is for a company to first decide on its “sales strat
40、egy“. In other words, what is the role of the sales person? Is the salespersons job narrative, suggestive, or consultative? The “narrative“ sales strategy depends on the salesperson moving quickly into a standard sales presentation. His or her pitch highlights the benefits for the customer of a part
41、icular product or service. This approach is most effective for customers whose buying motives are basically the same and is also well suited to companies who have a large number of prospects(可能的主顾)on which to call.The “suggestive“ approach is tailored more for the individual customer. The salesperso
42、n must be in a position to offer alternative recommendations that meet a particular customers needs. One key aspect of the suggestive approach is the need for the salesperson to engage the buyer in some sort of discussion. The salesperson can then use the information gleaned from the customer to sug
43、gest an appropriate product or service.“We tell our salespeople to be like wine stewards,“ says Mindy Sahlawannee, a corporate sales trainer. “The wine steward first checks to see what food the customer has ordered and then opens by suggesting the wine that best complements the dish. Most companies
44、who use a narrative strategy should be using a suggestive strategy. Just like you cant drink red wine with every dish, you cant have one sales recommendation to suit all customers.“The final strategy demands that a companys sales staff act as “consultants“ for the buyer. In this role, the salesperso
45、n must acquire a great deal of information about the customer. They do this through market research, surveys, and face-to-face discussions. Using this information, the salesperson makes a detailed presentation tailored specifically to a customers needs.“Good sales consultants,“ says Alan Goldfarb, p
46、resident of Ad Pro, Inc., “are the people who use a wide range of skills including probing, listening, analysis, and persuasiveness. The best sales consultants, however, are the ones who can think outside the box and use their creativity to present a product and close the sale. The other skills you
47、can teach. Creativity is innate. Its something we look for in every employee we hire.“More and more sales teams are switching from a narrative or suggestive approach to a more consultative strategy. As a result, corporations are looking more at intangibles such as creativity and analytical skills an
48、d less at educational background and technical skills.“The next century will be about meeting individual customer needs,“ says Goldfarb. “The days when one size fits all are over.“31 The major difference between narrative sales and suggestive sales is that_.（A）the former highlights the benefits whil
49、e the latter emphasize the function of the product（B） the former uses more prepared information, the latter has to get ready for unexpected information（C） the former involves no discussion while the latter involves discussion a lot（D）the former is effective in creating demand, the latter is effective in satisfying existing demand32 Mindy compares salespeople to wine stewards in that_.（A）both of them have
