1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 53 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Aging poses a serious challenge to OECD(Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development)countries, in particular, how to pay
2、for future public pension liabilities. And early retirement places an【C1】_burden on pension financing. There is no easy solution, but【C2】_retirement could help.Early retirement may seem like a worthy individual goal, but it is a socially【C3 】_one, and makes the present public pension system difficul
3、t to sustain for long. The【C4】_reason is that more people are retiring early and living longer. That means more retirees depending on the【C5】_of those in work for their income. The【C6】_is worrying. In the next 50 years, low fertility rates and【C7】_life expectancy in OECD countries will cause this ol
4、d-age dependency rate to roughly double【C8】_size. Public pension payments, which afford 30% 80% of total retirement incomes in OECD countries, are【C9】_to rise, on average, by over three percentage points in GDP and by as much as eight percentage points in some countries.【C10】_is the pressure on pens
5、ion funds that there is a danger of todays workers not getting the pensions they expected or felt they【C11】_for.Action is needed,【C12 】_simply aiming to reduce the【C13】_ (and cost)of public pensions, or trying to【C14】_the role of privately funded pensions within the system, though necessary steps, m
6、ay be【C15】_to deal with the dependency challenge. After years of【C16】_early retirement schemes to avoid【C17】_and higher unemployment, many governments are now looking【C18】_persuading people to stay in work until they are older. Surely, the thinking goes, if we are healthier now and jobs are physical
7、ly less【C19】_and unemployment is down, then perhaps the【C20】_rate should rise anew.1 【C1 】（A）unsolvable（B） additional（C） unsustainable（D）undue2 【C2 】（A）delaying（B） retaining（C） detaining（D）hindering3 【C3 】（A）ultimate（B） unattainable（C） specific（D）expensive4 【C4 】（A）substantial（B） essential（C） potent
8、ial（D）controversial5 【C5 】（A）donating（B） sponsoring（C） subsidizing（D）funding6 【C6 】（A）outlook（B） outcome（C） outbreak（D）outset7 【C7 】（A）prolonging（B） expanding（C） soaring（D）rising8 【C8 】（A）in（B） on（C） by（D）for9 【C9 】（A）conceived（B） reckoned（C） expected（D）meant10 【C10 】（A）As（B） Such（C） So（D）It11 【C11
9、】（A）should pay（B） paying（C） be paid（D）would pay12 【C12 】（A）but（B） for（C） and（D）thus13 【C13 】（A）multitude（B） implementation（C） application（D）generosity14 【C14 】（A）exaggerate（B） augment（C） magnify（D）multiply15 【C15 】（A）insufficient（B） influential（C） inefficient（D）intrinsic16 【C16 】（A）advancing（B） prev
10、ious（C） ahead（D）preceding17 【C17 】（A）suspensions（B） abundances（C） redundancies（D）discrepancies18 【C18 】（A）for（B） to（C） about（D）at19 【C19 】（A）turbulent（B） strenuous（C） compact（D）intricate20 【C20 】（A）dependency（B） fertility（C） present（D）mortalityPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer
11、the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 High-quality customer service is preached by many, but actually keeping customers happy is easier said than done.Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives,
12、co-workers, strangersand anyone who will listen.Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde group and Wharton school.“ Storytelling hurts retailers and
13、 entertains consumers,“ said Paula Courtney, President of the Verde group. “The store loses the customer, but the shopper must also find a replacement.On average, every unhappy customer will complain to at least four others, and will no longer visit the specific store. For every dissatisfied custome
14、r, a store will lose up to three more due to negative reviews. The resulting “snowball effect“ can be disastrous to retailers.According to the research, shoppers who purchased clothing encountered the most problems.Ranked second and third were grocery and electronics customers.The most common compla
15、ints include filled parking lots, cluttered(塞满了的)shelves, over-located racks, out-of-stock items, long check-out lines, and rude salespeople.During peak shopping hours, some retailers solved the parking problems by getting moonlighting(业余兼职的)local police to work as parking attendants. Some hired fla
16、g wavers to direct customers to empty parking spaces. This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space.Retailers can relieve the headaches by redesigning store layouts, pre-stocking sales items,
17、 hiring speedy and experienced cashiers, and having sales representatives on hand to answer questions.Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic and polite with angry customers.“ Retailers whore responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who arent so friendly,“
18、said Professor Stephen Hoch. “Maybe something as simple as a greeter at the store entrance would help.Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filling complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. Retailers are hard-pressed to improve when they have no
19、 idea what is wrong.21 Why are store managers often the last to hear complaints?（A）Most customers wont bother to complain even if they have had unhappy experiences.（B） Customers would rather relate their unhappy experiences to people around them.（C） Few customers believe the service will be improved
20、.（D）Customers have no easy access to store managers.22 What does Paula Courtney imply by saying “ the shopper must also find a replacement“(Line 2, Para. 4)?（A）New customers are bound to replace old ones.（B） It is not likely that the shopper can find the same products in other stores.（C） Most stores
21、 provide the same kind of service.（D）Not complaining to the manager causes the shopper some trouble too.23 Shop owners often hire moonlighting police as parking attendants so that shoppers_.（A）can stay longer browsing in the store（B） wont have trouble parking their cars（C） wont have any worries abou
22、t security（D）can find their cars easily after shopping24 What contributes most to smoothing over issues with customers?（A）Manners of the salespeople.（B） Hiring of efficient employees.（C） Huge supply of goods for sale.（D）Design of the store layout.25 To achieve better shopping experiences, customers
23、are advised to_.（A）exert pressure on stores to improve their service（B） settle their disputes with stores in a diplomatic way（C） voice their dissatisfaction to store managers directly（D）shop around and make comparisons between stores25 Crippling health care bills, long emergency-room waits and the i
24、nability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that patients face daily.Primary care should be the backbone of any health care system. Countries with appropriate primary care resources score highly when it comes to health outcomes and cost. The U. S. takes the opp
25、osite approach by emphasizing the specialist rather than the primary care physician.A recent study analyzed the providers who treat Medicare beneficiaries(老年医保受惠人). The startling finding was that the average Medicare patient saw a total of seven doctorstwo primary care physicians and five specialist
26、sin a given year. Contrary to popular belief, the more physicians taking care of you dont guarantee better care. Actually, increasing fragmentation of care results in a corresponding rise in cost and medical errors.How did we let primary care slip so far? The key is how doctors are paid. Most physic
27、ians are paid whenever they perform a medical service. The more a physician does, regardless of quality or outcome, the better hes reimbursed(返还费用). Moreover, the amount a physician receives leans heavily toward medical or surgical procedures. A specialist who performs a procedure in a 30-minute vis
28、it can be paid three times more than a primary care physician using that same 30 minutes to discuss a patients disease. Combine this fact with annual government threats to indiscriminately cut reimbursements, physicians are faced with no choice but to increase quantity to boost income.Primary care p
29、hysicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash-only practices, further contributing to the decline of primary care.Medical students are not blind to this scenario. They see how heavily the reimbursement deck is stacked against primary care. The recent numbers
30、 show that since 1997, newly graduated U. S. medical students who choose primary care as a career have declined by 50% . This trend results in emergency rooms being overwhelmed with patients without regular doctors.How do we fix this problem?It starts with reforming the physician reimbursement syste
31、m. Remove the pressure for primary care physicians to squeeze in more patients per hour, and reward them for optimally(最佳地 )managing their diseases and practicing evidence-based medicine. Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving student loans for those who choose primary ca
32、re as a career and reconciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care physician salaries.Were at a point where primary care is needed more than ever. Within a few years, the first wave of the 76 million Baby Boomers will become eligible for Medicare. Patients older than 85 , who n
33、eed chronic care most, will rise by 50% this decade.Who will be there to treat them?26 It can be inferred that the authors chief concern about the current U. S. health care system is _.（A）the inadequate training of physicians（B） the declining number of doctors（C） the ever-rising health care costs（D）
34、the shrinking primary care resources.27 We learn from the passage that people tend to believe that_.（A）seeing more doctors may result in more diagnostic errors（B） visiting doctors on a regular basis ensures good health（C） the more doctors taking care of a patient, the better（D）the more costly the me
35、dicine, the more effective the cure.28 Faced with the government threats to cut reimbursements indiscriminately, primary care physicians have to_.（A）see more patients at the expense of quality（B） improve their expertise and service（C） make various deals with specialists（D）increase their income by wo
36、rking overtime29 Why do many new medical graduates refuse to choose primary care as their career?（A）They think working in emergency rooms tedious.（B） The current system works against primary care.（C） They find the need for primary care declining.（D）Primary care physicians command less respect.30 Wha
37、t suggestion does the author give in order to provide better health care?（A）Extend primary care to patients with chronic diseases.（B） Recruit more medical students by offering them loans.（C） Reduce the tuition of students who choose primary care as their major.（D）Bridge the salary gap between specia
38、lists and primary care physicians.30 It used to be so straightforward(直接的). A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations(附属机构)from the paper and send it to their
39、 peers for review, depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publishers, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internetand pressure from fundi
40、ng agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD)has just issued a report describing the far-reachi
41、ng consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scien
42、tific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association
43、 of Scientific Technical and Medical Publisher says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are
44、 now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the reports authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing,
45、 typically supported by asking the author(or his employer)to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives(档案), where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories(仓库). Other models exist that are hybrids of these thr
46、ee, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.31 In the
47、 first paragraph, the author discusses_.（A）the background information of journal editing.（B） the publication routine of laboratory reports.（C） the relations of authors with journal publishers.（D）the traditional process of journal publication.32 Which of the following is true of the OECD report?（A）It
48、 criticizes government-funded research.（B） It introduces an effective means of publication.（C） It upsets profit-making journal publishers.（D）It facilitates public investment in scientific research.33 According to the text, online publication is significant in that_.（A）it provides an easier access to
49、 scientific results.（B） it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.（C） it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.（D）it facilitates public investment in scientific research.34 With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to_.（A）cover the cost of its publication.（B） subscribe to the journal publishing it.（C） allow other online journals to use it freely.（D）complete the peer-review be
