1、考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 11 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 萨皮尔一沃尔夫假说的形成2004 年英译汉及详解The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.【F1】The Greeks assumed that the structure of l
2、anguage had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward
3、Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.【F2】We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native langua
4、ges. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic“ language, were not always so grateful.【F3 】The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that
5、 some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Na-tive American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapirs pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of Americ
6、an Indian languages.【F4】Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given langu
7、age, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.【F5】Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences fo
8、r the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3
9、】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 人类学研究2003 年英译汉及详解Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.【F1】Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting a
10、ll other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves
11、 and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology“ derives from the Greek words anthropos “human“ and logos “the study of“. By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences.【F2】Social science is that branch of intellectu
12、al enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of
13、these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.【F3】The emphasis on data ga
14、thered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylors formulation of the concept of cul
15、ture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science.【F4 】 Tylor defined culture as “. that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society“. This insight, so profound in its simplicity
16、, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylors definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.【F5】Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture“, like the concept of “set“ in mathematics, is an abstract concept wh
17、ich makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 历史研究的方法论1999 年英译汉及详解【F1】While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate
18、 and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The iro
19、ny of the historians craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.【F2】Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels amon
20、g historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapt
21、ed to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.【 F3】During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodol
22、ogy is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.【 F4】There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially th
23、ose so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method“, frequently fall victim to the“technicist fallacy“. Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation
24、.【F5】It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 智力测验的初衷及价值1992 年英译汉及详解Intelligence at best is an assump
25、tive constructthe meaning of the word has never been clear.【F1 】There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinct
26、ions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a childs capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical enduran
27、ce, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed toit was not designed for such purposes.【F2】To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of
28、 any subject is essentially a comparative affair.【F3】Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid“ or “fair“ comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any
29、 test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do one s best, the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do, and the intellectual ability to do it.【F4】The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be mad
30、e. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child
31、gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence“.【F5】On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confi
32、dence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 11 答案与解析Part CDirections:
33、Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 1 【正确答案】 希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点早在人们认识到语言可能千差万别以前就在欧洲扎了根。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：宾语从句和时间状语从句。 本句主干为 The Greeks assumed，that 引导宾语从句，作 assumed 的宾语；which 引导定语从句，修饰前面 assumed从句。定语从句中 long before people r
34、ealized为时间状语，修饰 took root inEurope，how diverse languages could be 作 realized 的宾语。定语从句中 long before时间状语在翻译时要根据汉语习惯置于谓语前。which 定语从句修饰的是前面的从句，因此需增译“这种观点”。 2 【正确答案】 我们之所以感激他们，是因为从此以后，这些语言中的一部分消失了，因为讲这些语言的人要么灭绝了，要么被同化了，因而丧失了自己的语言。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：时间状语从句和原因状语从句。 本句主干为We are obliged to them，because为原因状语从句，里
35、面嵌套了一个 as 引导的时间状语从句，修饰 vanished；who spoke them 作定语修饰 peoples。as 引导时间状语从句意为“随着，当的时候”，翻译时候根据汉语表达习惯应置于谓语前，即 as，some of these languages have sincevanished。因为本句中有原因状语从句，因此增译“之所以”，构成“之所以，是因为”的表达。 3 【正确答案】 这些新近被描述的各种语言与经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言是如此的显著的不同，以至于一些学者甚至指责 Boas 和 Sapir 编造了他们的资料。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：“SOthat”句型和动
36、词的固定搭配。 本句使用了 sothat句型，主干为 The newly described languages were often so strikingly differentthat。From the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia 为介词结构作状语，that somescholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data 为结果状语从句，of fabricating their data 作 Boas and Sapir 的宾补。 4 【正确答
37、案】 由于对语言与思维的关系感兴趣，沃尔夫逐渐形成了这样的观点，即在一个社会中语言结构决定习惯性思维的结构。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：状语从句和同位语从句。 本句主干为 Whorf developed the idea，that 引导同位语从句，作 idea 的同位语。Being interestedin为分词短语作原因状语。 being interested in 作原因状语，可增译“由于”，使译文逻辑关系明确。同位语从句由于较长，可以单独翻译，增译 “即”，说明本位语 idea 的内容。三个 of 介词结构作后置定语，均较短，可译为前置定语“的”。 5 【正确答案】 沃尔夫逐渐接受了
38、某种语言决定论的观点，这种观点的极端说法是：语言禁锢了思想，语言的语法模式可以对某种社会文化产生深远的影响。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：定语从句和宾语从句。 本句主干为 Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism，which 引导定语从句修饰linguistic determinism。定语从句主干为 which states thatand that，两个 that分别引导宾语从句，作 states 的宾语；in its strongest form 为插入语，将主语which 与谓语 states 隔开。which
39、 引导的定语从句较长，需要单独翻译，再重复先行词。定语从句里面嵌套的宾语从句较长，可以单独翻译，并在谓语动词states 后面加冒号，表明宾语的内容。 in its strongest form 作时间状语，意为“在(语言决定论) 最极端的时候”，可与 states 放在一起转译为“(语言决定论)的极端说法是”。imprison 意为“关押，监禁”，这里引申为 “束缚、禁锢”，the mind与 thought 类似，可译为“思维”。 6 【正确答案】 而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而使所有其他形态的生命都服从人类自己独特的想法和想像。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：定语从句和非谓语
40、动词。 此句的结构为：主句+分词短语表示伴随状态的结构：humans have the ability to modifythussubjectingthe environment in which they live 是定语从句。该句中 modify the environment in whichthey live 应译作 “改变他们的生存环境”；subjecting all other life forms to 译为“让所有其他形态的生命服从”。 7 【正确答案】 社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。【
41、试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：定语从句。 本句的主语是 Social science，句子则是主系表的结构，表语是 branch。which 引导的定语从句修饰的是intellectual enquiry。在定语从句中，又嵌套着一个定语从句，manner 后的 that引导的从句修饰了 manner。因为 manner 同时连结了上下文，所以在翻译时为了句子的完整性，可以用增译的方式，用“像那些自然科学家一样”这样的句子，将前后文连接起来。 8 【正确答案】 强调搜集第一手资料，加上以跨文化的视角对过去和现在的文化形态进行分析，使这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。【试题解析】 本句考
42、查的重点是：过去分词作后置定语和并列结构。 句子的结构是：主干结构是一个简单句：The emphasis ， combined with，makes this study aunique and distinctly important social science 主语后面带有 on data gathered first-hand 是主语的定语，combined with“加上”相当于 and 的意思，是对主语内容的补充，perspective 可以理解成主语的并列成分，brought to the analysis of cultures past and present 是 persp
43、ective 的定语。其中 past and present 是cultures 的定语。 9 【正确答案】 泰勒把文化定义为“一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他的能力和习惯。”【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：定语从句和并列结构。 句子的结构是：主干结构是：Tylor defined cuhure as“that complex whole”其中 whole 是“整体”的意思。后面是一个很长的定语从句，翻译时可以和先行词拆开。which 引导的定语从句中有多重并列宾语，acquired by man as a member of society 是宾
44、语的定语。Tylor 为人名，音译为“泰勒”；defined culture as 译为“将文化定义为”：that complex whole 译为“ 一个复合体”。 10 【正确答案】 因此，人类学中“文化” 的概念就像数学中 “集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：of 后置短语和定语从句。 句子的结构是：主干结构是：主语+插入语(like the concept of)+ 系表结构(is an abstractconcept)+which 引导的定语从句。immense amounts of concrete research
45、and understanding 是动词 makes 的宾语，possible 是状语前置。the anthropological concept of“culture”应译作“人类学的文化概念”；the concept of“set”in mathematics 译为“数学中集的概念”。 11 【正确答案】 几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：while 句型和 asas的译法。 主干是：While，modern practiceconforms to one that。While
46、 在这里的含义是“但是”，表转折。asas是同级比较，在这个句子中没有必要译成“像一样多”，可以直译为“有多少历史学家就有多少对史学下的定义”，或者“每个历史学家对史学下的定义不同”。主句中，one 承接的是上文的 definitions；that seesaspast 是one 的定语从句；不定式 to recreate and explain 作定语修饰 attempt。 12 【正确答案】 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：lessmore结构的译法。 该句的主干是：Interesthas
47、arisen less throughand more from。less和 more可以与morethan等词组联系起来理解。它们大都表示抽象意义上的比较并且肯定more 后的成分，否定 less 后的成分。在本句中，lessmore 是两个事物重要程度的比较，可以译成“主要是其次是”，“与其说不如”，“主要不是，而是”等等。 13 【正确答案】 在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：代词的指代、词义确定、被动语态、过去分词作后置定语。 该句为简单句，其主干是methods were argumented bymet
48、hodologies designed to，翻译时可以将被动语态译成主动形式： by 后面带的宾语 additional methodologies作译文中的主语，原来的主语 traditional historical methods 则作译文中的宾语。this transfer 指的是上文中提到的转变的内容，此处可译为“在这种转变当中”。designed tostudy 是过去分词短语作定语修饰 additional methodologies。 14 【正确答案】 所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。【试题解析】 本句
49、考查的重点是：there be 句型的译法。 该句子的主干是 There is no agreement whetheror。there be 句型比较特殊，当它表示人们普遍的看法时，经常要根据中文习惯加上人称，这里使用泛指人称代词“人们”。whetheror意为“是还是”，在这个句子中作 agreement 的同位语；or 后的部分可看作是省略了主语和谓语结构 methodologyrefers。the concepts 和 research techniques 并列作 refer to 的宾语，peculiar togeneral 修饰 the concepts，而appropriate toinquiry 修饰 research techniques，都作后置定语，翻译的时候根据汉语习惯前置。 15 【正确答案】 这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：代词和定语从句的译法。 本句的主干是 It applies equally to
