1、考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 24 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 探究科研领域的发展趋势1996 年英译汉及详解The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.【F1】 Some of these causes are com
2、pletely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in
3、authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.【F2 】This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to mak
4、e of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be
5、kept in functional order.【F3】This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisio
6、ns based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good“ as opposed to “bad“ science, but a valid determination is difficult
7、to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.【F4】However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world s more fascinating and delightful aspects.【F5】N
8、ew forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 影响测试有效性的因素1995 年英译汉及详解The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, clas
9、sifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress.【F1 】The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or
10、incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed p
11、redictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records.【F2】How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and o
12、n the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of gettin
13、g some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.【F3】Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a par
14、ticular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.【F4】In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to
15、 be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do.【F5 】For example, they d
16、o not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 技术与天才哪个对科学发展更重要1994 年英译汉及详解According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overloo
17、ked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.【F1】Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.【F2】“In short,“ a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revoluti
18、on, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.“【F3】Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosop
19、hers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scien
20、tific experiments.The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileos role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at th
21、e center of all heavenly motions.【F4】Galileo s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of sci
22、entists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.【F5】Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the i
23、ssue of which is seen as the driving force.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 科学研究的方法与人类思维的关系1993 年英译汉及详解【F1】The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and
24、 given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in com
25、mon scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.【F2】It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the
26、latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples.【F3 】You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)and deduction, that by the help o
27、f these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.【F4】And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these proce
28、sses, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong,
29、 and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.There is a well-known incident in one of Motiere s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose(散文)during the whole of his life.
30、 In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period.【F5】Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to se
31、t in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 24 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then
32、 translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 1 【正确答案】 在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求；另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：分词结构和并列结构。 该句由两个简单句组成，包含 someothers 这个并列结构。这些诸如 not onlybut also，eitheror等等的并列结构都有固定的译法，而且，由于并列句子的结构相似，经常可以互相参照理解，如本句中由 some of these causes 可知 others 指的是 o
33、ther causes；consequences 的意思也和 results 基本相同。第二个简单句中，介宾短语in science being to some extent self-accelerating 修饰 advances，其中分词结构being self-accelerating 为现在分词作定语，修饰 particular advances in science，而不仅仅是 science，翻译时把原来的分词结构动词化处理，译成“科学上某些特定发展自我加速”。 2 【正确答案】 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详
34、尽预见的。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：同位语从句的翻译、非限定性定语从句的翻译和被动句的译法。 本句的主干结构是：主句+when 引导的时间状语，when=at that time 当时，那时。第一个 that 从句是主句宾语 the conclusion 的同位语。that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment 是定语从句中的主语从句。cannot generally be foreseen in detail 是 demands that引导的宾语从句的谓语。trend“趋势”；came to the co
35、nclusion“得出结论”；the specific demands“具体要求”：make of“ 向提出”；scientific establishment“科研机构”：in detail“详尽”。3 【正确答案】 给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这个问题。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：定语修饰成分和翻译中状语的位置。 这是一个简单句。句子的主干是 This seemsdone by。主语 this 实际上是指前文的problem。根据汉语的搭配习惯，done 在句中应指问题的“解决”，mostly effectively 对它进行修饰：resea
36、rch 后接的 related to和 of possible是两个由but 连接的并列的修饰语，可以译成前置定语，但是在某些情况下(如定语太长)，根据汉语习惯亦可用“这”或“这些科研”代替 research，而把定语单独成句。by+Ving 结构在这里是表示方式：“通过”，作状语，在中文翻译时一般前置。 4 【正确答案】 然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人人胜的课题的。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：“sothat”从句和不定式作状语。 句子的主干是：the world is so made that；that 引导结果状语从句，be made 意为“构成”，主
37、干的意思是“世界就是这样创建的，以至”。elegant 和下面第5 【正确答案】 题中的 elegance 都与 systems，thought，subjects 有关，显然不能译成“优雅的 ”，这里 elegant systems 应该译为“完美的体系”. 此外亦可从作者的口气推断它是想说一种表面上看起来很好的理论实际上却无法解决世界上的某些问题。同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：省略句和 as 引导的原因状语从句。 这个句子的主干是 New formsas well as new subjectsmust arise，句
38、中 as well as“和，以及”，连接两个并列主语，must arise 作句子的谓语。as they have in the past 为方式状语，as 就像是，同一样。giving rise to作伴随状语。New forms of thought“新的思维方式”；new subjects for thought“新的思维对象”；arise“出现”；giving rise to“给出，产生，带来”；new standards of elegance“完美的新标准”。 6 【正确答案】 把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对
39、测试不甚了解或使用不当。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：原因状语从句和定语从句。 本句先提出观点，再进一步解释。根据上文，target 即人们攻击(针对标准化测试)的目标，for 后的in attacking the tests 则是插入的状语，后面的原因状语从句中，critics 是主语，谓语部分是 divertfrom，that 引导的定语从句则修饰了 fault。最终明确了“the target is wrong”的原因。 7 【正确答案】 这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：主语
40、从句和并列结构。 句子的结构是：How well引导的被动结构是主语从句，How well 是主语从句中的状语前置depends 是句子谓语。 depends 后面两个介词短语作并列宾语 uponand on。the information used 是名词+定语。with which it is interpreted 定语从句，先行词是 the skill and wisdom，代词 it 指代 the information。 8 【正确答案】 因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。【试题解析
41、】 本句考查的重点是：主语从句和非谓语。 本句的主语是 whether 引导的主语从句，谓语是 depends，therefore 是一个插入语，作为逻辑关系词，翻译时位置要提前。宾语有两部分，分别由两个 upon 引出，由连词 and 连接。宾语的第二部分有一个“suchas”结构，在中文语序中，一般把例子放在前，所以可以把as 后的名词提前翻译成“例如诸如等”。 9 【正确答案】 一般来说，当能很精确界定所要测定的特征时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：省略结构和主语从句。 句子的结构是：主干结构是一个排比句 the
42、 tests work most effectively whenand least effectivelywhen。连词 when 引导的是状语从句，意思是“当的时候”，从句中都是被动结构。what is to bemeasured or predicted 是第二个从句的主语。 10 【正确答案】 例如，测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：并列结构和虚拟语气。 句子的结构是：主干结构是并列句 they do not compensate for，and thus do not tel
43、l。howable是表语前置，正常语序是youngster might have been how able。最后一个句子是虚拟语气句的倒装结构：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 等于 If he had grown up。 11 【正确答案】 他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：状语从句和插入语。 句子主干结构是：not so much throughas because of意为“与其倒不如”。因为 not somuchas 是个并列
44、结构，也就是说 so 和 as 后面两个词的意思应该相同，所以介词 through 的意思应该等于 because of“因为，由于”。the insights of great men of genius 是后面带定语的名词短语结构，后置定语的顺序应该在汉语翻译中倒过来，即从后往前翻译为“天才伟人的真知灼见”。more ordinarythings like improved techniques and tools结构是介词 like 短语作定语修饰中心词 more ordinary things也是先翻译定语，再翻译中心词“像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西”。 12 【正确答案】 新
45、学派的一位领袖认为：“简而言之，所谓的科学革命主要是指一系列工具的改进、发明和使用，它们使科学发展的范围无限扩大。”【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：并列结构和定语从句。 句子主干结构是：系表结构：the scientific revolutionwas largely。 that 引导的定语从句，先行词是 the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments。the improvement and inventionand use of a series of instruments 译为“一系列器具的改进、发明和使用
46、”；expanded the reach of sciencein innumerable directions 译为“在难以计数的方向扩大了科学的范围”。 13 【正确答案】 多年来，工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：被动语态和反身代词。 句子主干结构是一个简单的被动语态句: tools and technologyhave largely been ignored by主语部分有一个 themselves 反身代词。as a source of fundamental innovation 介词短语作定语。Over
47、 theyears“多年来”：philosophers of science“科学思想家们”。 14 【正确答案】 伽利略最伟大的成就在于他在 1609 年成为第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，用以证明行星是绕着太阳而不是地球旋转。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：宾语从句和动词不定式短语作定语的用法。 句子主干结构是：系表结构 Galileos greatest glory was that。不定式短语作定语结构 the firstperson to turn。 动词+宾语从句作目的状语 to prove that。turn the newly invented telescope on the
48、heavens 译为“把新发明的望远镜对准天空”。 15 【正确答案】 政府究竟是应该通过减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于哪一方被视为驱动力。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：主语从句和并列结构。 句子主干结构是：表示选择意思的从句 Whether the Governmentor“究竟是还是”作句子的主语，谓语和宾语是 depends on the issue。of which 是宾语 the issue 的定语从句。increase thefinancing of pure science 译为“增加对纯理论科学的经费投入 ”；at the expen
49、se of technology 译为“减少对技术经费的投入”。 16 【正确答案】 科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：含否定词的肯定表示方法和被动句译成主动句。这是一个由分号连接的并列句。主干是 The method is nothing but；it is simply the mode这个句子从两个方面对 the method of scientific investigation(科学研究的方法)进行了论述。分号后面的 it 是指第一句的主语 The method of scientific investigation。两个分句的主干都是主系表结构。后半句的 mode 后有一个介词前置的定语从句 by which修饰，可译作“用以的方法 ”，定语从句中包含两个被动语态：are reasonedand given，在这里，可以用 “对进行，对给予”的句型翻译这两个被动语态。nothing but 和 simply 所表达的口气相似，都意为 “只不过、就是，只是”。 17 【正确答案】 这并
