1、考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 25 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 人类性格与行为形成的原因及影响1990 年英译汉及详解People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one per
2、son is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions.【F1 】They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers ye
3、t, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature vs. nurture“.【F2】Those who support the “nature“ side of the conflict believe that our personal
4、ities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.【 F3】That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great
5、degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Those who support the “nurture“ theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behavioris
6、t, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.【F4】The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic,
7、 intelligence, offered by the two theories.【F5】Supporters of the “nature“ theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say: They dont believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined c
8、haracteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.【F6】Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greate
9、r intellectual development.The social and political implications of these two theories are profound.【F7 】In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature“ proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites.【F8】Behav
10、iorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】6 【F6
11、】7 【F7】8 【F8】8 技术发展给社会带来的弊端1989 年英译汉及详解When Jane Matheson started work at Advanced Electronics Inc. 12 years ago,【F1】she laboured over a microscope, hand-welding tiny electronic computers and turned out 18 per hour. Now she tends the computerized machinery that turns out high capacity memory chips a
12、t the rate of 2, 600 per hour. Production is up, profits are up, her income is up and Mrs. Matheson says the work is far less strain on her eyes.But the most significant effect of the changes at AEI was felt by the workers who are no longer there. Before the new computerized equipment was introduced
13、, there were 940 workers at the plant. Now there are 121.【F2 】A plant follow-up survey showed that one year after the layoffs only 38% of the released workers found new employment at the same or better wages. Nearly half finally settled for lower pay and more than 13% are still out of work. The AEI
14、example is only one of hundreds around the country which forge intelligently ahead into the latest technology, but leave the majority of their workers behind.【F3】Its beginnings obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic slow-down, the new technological unemployment may emerge as the great
15、 socio-economic challenge of the end of the 20th century. One corporation economist says the growth of “machine job replacement“ has been with us since the beginning of the industrial revolution, but never at the pace it is now. The human costs will be astonishing.【F4 】“Its humiliating to be done ou
16、t of your job by a machine and there is no way to fight back, but it is the effort to find a new job that really hurts.“ Some workers, like Jane Matheson, are retrained to handle the new equipment, but often a whole new set of skills is required and that means a new, and invariably smaller set of wo
17、rkers.【F5】The old workers, trapped by their limited skills, often never regain their old status and employment. Many drift into marginal areas. They feel no pride in their new work. They get badly paid for it and they feel miserable, but still they are luckier than those who never find it.【F6】The so
18、cial costs go far beyond the welfare and unemployment payments made by the government. Unemployment increases the chances of divorce, child abuse, and alcoholism, a new federal survey shows. Some experts say the problem is only temporary. that new technology will eventually create as many jobs as it
19、 destroys.【F7】But futurologist Hymen Seymour says the astonishing efficiency of the new technology means there will be a simple and direct net reduction in the amount of human labor that needs to be done. “We should treat this as an opportunity to give people more leisure. It may not be easy, but so
20、ciety will have to reach a new unanimity on the division and distribution of labor,“ Seymour says. He predicts most people will work only six-hour days and four-day weeks by the end of the century. But the concern of the unem ployed is for now.【F8】Federally funded training and free back-to-school pr
21、ograms for laid-off workers are under way, but few experts believe they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology. For the next few years, for a substantial portion of the workforce, times are going to be very tough indeed.9 【F1】10 【F2】11 【F3】12 【F4】13 【F5】14 【F6】15 【F7】16 【F8】16 英
22、语语言在世界上的地位2017 年英译汉及详解The growth of the use of English as the world s primary language for international commu nication has obviously been continuing for several decades.【F1】But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fa
23、de within the foreseeable future.Complex international, economic, technological and cultural changes could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breadth of English usage would consequently face new press
24、ures. Those real istic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol.【F2 】His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additio
25、nal languages capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that,
26、【F3】many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British school-children and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages. If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English langua
27、ge in international education markets as the demand for educational resource in languages, such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other languages such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.【F4】The changes identified by David Graddol all present
28、clear and major challenges to the UKs providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly $1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related exports earn up
29、 to $10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the numbers of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticip
30、ation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:【F5】It gives a basis to all organisations which seek to promote the learning and use of English, a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment. That is a necessary and pr
31、actical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.17 【F1】18 【F2】19 【F3】20 【F4】21 【F5】21 殖民地时期2015 年英译汉及详解Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigrationone of the great folk wanderings of
32、historyswept from Europe to America.【F1】This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.【F2】The United States is the product of two principal forcesthe immigration of European
33、 peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swe
34、des, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.【F3】But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent c
35、aused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.【F4】The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is
36、 now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercif
37、ully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often ca
38、lm brought unbearably delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.“ The colonists first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods.【F5
39、】 The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.22 【F1】23 【F2】24 【F3】25 【F4】26 【F5
40、】考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 25 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 1 【正确答案】 他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：宾语从句。 explain 后是 why 引导的宾语从句，从句中的主语是 we，谓语分别是 possess 和 exhibit，由连词 and 连接。其中possess“拥有”characteris
41、tics“特征”在这里指性格特征。 2 【正确答案】 在这场争论中，赞成“先天论” 一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式在很大程度上是由生物因素所决定的。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：宾语从句和定语从句。 本句是一个复合句子，those 是主语，后面是 who 引导的定语从句。所以翻译时可以将 who 引导的定语成分放在修饰语 those 前。believe 是 those 的谓语，推出本句的大结构应为 “某(些)人相信某事”或“某(些) 人认为某事是正确的”。that 后引导的是宾语从句，宾语从句中的谓语部分为 are determined，此处谓语部分为被动语态，可以翻译成 “被所
42、”结构。 3 【正确答案】 这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：主语从句和动词词组。 句子的主干是一个由that 引导的主语从句，关于主语从句，我们直接把它翻译出来，后面再加上句子的谓语。这里 if anything 是插入语，可以翻译成“如果和有一些联系的话”而从句的主语是 ourenvironment，is central to this theory 则是整个句子的谓语。 4 【正确答案】 行为主义者坚信，人像机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：宾语从句
43、。 本句的主语是 behaviorists，谓语是 maintains，而 that 引导的是一个宾语从句。like machines 是一个插入语，直译成“就像机器一样”即可。从句中的主体是“humans respond to environment stimuli”“asthe basis of” 是一个介词词组，意为“ 是的基础”。但本从句前半部分太长，直接放在基础前会显得头重脚轻，所以可以先译出前半部分，再在后面补充说明“这是的基础”。 5 【正确答案】 支持“ 先天论 ”的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：定语从句和被动语态
44、。 本句的主语是supporters，of 介词短语作 supporters 的定语限定了主语。that 引导的定语从句引出了 insist 的内容。“be born with”的意思是“生来就有天生就有”。learning后的 that 引导的是对 capacity 的定语从句，意为这种能力是由生理因素决定的。be determined 在这里是对被动语态的考察。6 【正确答案】 行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更好的智力发展。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：宾语从句和定语从句。 整个句子是一个复合句，
45、本句的主干是 behaviorists suggest，而 suggest 的内容则在由 that 导出的定语从句中。后面的从句中，the child 是主语，本从句中同时嵌套了三个从句：who 引导的定语从句修饰 child，where 引导的定语从句修饰 environment，还有 which 引导的定语从句来修饰 stimuli。从 will experience 开始是整个宾语从句的谓语，宾语从句的主体结构是“孩子们会有更好的体验发展成长”。7 【正确答案】 在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：词义的引申和介词搭配。 本句中，In the
46、 United States 可直译为“在美国”。后面的句子中，blacks 和 whites 不是黑色和白色的意思，而是代表着白人和黑人。score 是本句的谓语，意为得分。而 on 引导的介词短语则引出了 score 的范围即黑人到底在哪个领域上输给了白人。8 【正确答案】 相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其他环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：宾语从句和动词的固定搭配。 本句的主干是behaviorists say，in contrast，为插入结构。say 后的 that 引导的是一个宾语从句，引出 say 的内容。而 fac
47、t 后的 that 引导的是同位语从句，that 后的内容就是 fact的内容。advantages 后的 that 引导的是定语从句，来修饰 advantages。be due to意为“归因于”，be deprived of 是一个被动语态，源于 deprive sbof sth，意为“剥夺某人的”。 9 【正确答案】 她吃力地伏在显微镜上干活，手焊体积很小的电子计算机，每小时能焊好 18 个。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：伴随状语和动词词组。 本句的主语是 she，谓语为 laboured over 和 turned out，由连词连接。hand-welding 在这里是一个伴随状语，
48、表示她伏在显微镜前的同时，在用手焊接微型电子计算机。turn out 在这里是“生产出”的意思，18 即生产出的数量。per hour 是固定搭配，表示“每小时”。 10 【正确答案】 一家工厂的跟踪调查表明，一年后被解雇的工人中只有 38的人找到了与原工资相等或优于原工资的工作。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：宾语从句和介词短语。 本句的主语是survey，plant 和 followup 均用来修饰 survey。 showed 是整个句子的谓语，showed 后的 that 引导的宾语从句是 show 的内容，也就是 survey 的一个结果。one year after the lay
49、offs 在这里是一个时间状语，表示“退休一年后”。宾语从句中的主语是“30 of the released workers”，谓语是 found。at 引导的介词短语意为“以同样或更高的工资水平”。 11 【正确答案】 它(新技术的采用导致失业率上升)一开始被全球性的经济衰退所引起的失业所掩盖，但到 20 世纪末，新技术所引起的失业问题可能会构成对社会经济的巨大挑战。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：独立主格。 Its beginnings 引导的是一个独立主格，obscured 修饰的是 beginnings，而 caused 修饰的是 unemployment。后面的 the new technological unemployment 才是真正的主语，emerge 后的 as 意为“作为”。这里讲的是一个事情的两个方面，一个是它的开始，一个是它对未来可能的影响。 12 【正确答案】 被一台机器抢走你的工作是很伤自尊心的，可又没法还击，但真正伤我心的是要费很大的劲去寻找新工作。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：主语从句和 there be 句型。 本部分由三个句子组成，由连词 and 和 but 连接。第一句话 it 是形式主语，真正的主语是 be doneout of your job by a mach
