1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 18 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 Gandhis pacifism can be separated to some extent from his other teachings.【F1 】Its motive was religious, but he claimed also for it that it was a definitiv
2、e technique, a method, capable of producing desired political results.【 F2】Gandhis attitude was not that of most Western pacifists. Satyagraha, the method Gandhi proposed and practiced, first evolved in South Africa, was a sort of non-violent warfare, a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him
3、 and without feeling or arousing hatred. It entailed such things as civil disobedience, strikes, lying down in front of railway trains, enduring police charges without running away and without hitting back, and the like. Gandhi objected to “passive resistance“ as a translation of Satyagraha: in Guja
4、rati, it seems, the word means “firmness in the truth“.【F3】In his early days Gandhi served as a stretcher-bearer on the British side in the Boer War, and he was prepared to do the same again in the war of 1914-1918, even after he had completely abjured violence he was honest enough to see that in wa
5、r it is usually necessary to take sides.【F4】Since his whole political life centred round a struggle for national independence, he could not and, indeed, he did not take the sterile and dishonest line of pretending that in every war both sides are exactly the same and it makes no difference who wins.
6、 Nor did he, like most Western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward questions.In relation to the late war, one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer was: “What about the Jews? Are you prepared to see them exterminated? If not, how do you propose to save them without reso
7、rting to war?“【F5】I must say that I have never heard, from any Western pacifist, an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions, usually of the “youre another“ type. But it so happens that Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in 1938 and that his answer is on recor
8、d in Mr. Louis Fischer s Gandhi and Stalin. According to Mr. Fischer, Gandhi s view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide, which “would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitlers violence.“1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 Picture-taking is a technique both for r
9、eflecting the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographers temperament, discovering itself through the cameras cropping of reality.【F1 】That is, p
10、hotography has two directly opposite ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of fearlessness, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.【F2】These conflicting ideals ar
11、ise from uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in “taking“ a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as observer is attracting because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is n
12、ot so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed.An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurre
13、nt ambivalence toward photography s means.【F3】Whatever are the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression just like painting, its originality is closely linked to the power of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness
14、 and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgertons high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke.【F4】But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to sugge
15、st that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limit imposed by pre-modern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a p
16、oint of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of “fast seeing“. Cartier Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast.This ambival
17、ence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future(of faster and faster seeing)alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past when images had a handmade quality.【F5】This longing for some primitive state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespre
18、ad and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the work of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 【F1】It is no longer just dirty
19、 blue-collar jobs in manufacturing; that are being sucked offshore but also white-collar service jobs, which used to be considered safe from foreign competition. Telecoms charges have tumbled, allowing workers in far-flung locations to be connected cheaply to customers in the developed world. This h
20、as made it possible to offshore services that were once non-tradable. Morgan Stanleys Mr. Roach has been drawing attention to the fact that the “global labor arbitrage“ is moving rapidly to the better kinds of jobs.【F2 】It is no longer just basic data processing and call centers that are being outso
21、urced to low-wage countries, but also software programming, medical diagnostics, engineering design, law, accounting, finance and business consulting. These can now be delivered electronically from anywhere in the world, exposing skilled white-collar workers to greater competition.The standard retor
22、t to such arguments is that outsourcing abroad is too small to matter much. So far fewer than 1 million American service-sector jobs have been lost to off-shoring. Forrester Research forecasts that by 2015 a total of 3.4 million jobs in services will have moved abroad, but that is tiny compared with
23、 the 30 million jobs destroyed and created in America every year.【F3】The trouble is that such studies allow only for the sorts of jobs that are already being off-shored, when in reality the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise as IT advances and education improves in emerging economies.Mr.
24、 Blinder says: “education offers no protection.【F4】Highly skilled accountants, radiologists or computer programmers now have to compete with electronically delivered competition from abroad, whereas humble taxi drivers, janitors and crane operators remain safe from off-shoring. This may help to expl
25、ain why the real median wage of American graduates hat fallen by 6% since 2000, a bigger decline than in average wages.“In the 1980s and early 1990s, the pay gap between low-paid, low-skilled workers and high-paid, high-skilled workers widened significantly. But since then, according to a study by D
26、avid Autor, Lawrence Katz and Melissa Kearney, in America, Britain and Germany workers at the bottom as well as at the top have done better than those in the middle-income group. Office cleaning cannot be done by workers in India. It is the easily standardized skilled jobs in the middle, such as acc
27、ounting, that are now being squeezed hardest.【F5】 A study confirms that workers in tradable services that are exposed to foreign competition tend to be more skilled than workers in non-tradable services and tradable manufacturing industries.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 In a sense, the new p
28、rotectionism is not protectionism at all, at least not in the traditional sense of the term. The old protectionism referred only to trade restricting and trade expanding devices, such as the tariff or export subsidy. The new protectionism is much broader than this; it includes interventions into for
29、eign trade but is not limited to them.【F1】The new protectionism, in fact, refers to how the whole of government intervention into the private economy affects international trade. The emphasis on trade is still there, thus came the term “protection“. But what is new is the realization that virtually
30、all government activities can affect international economic relations.【F2】The emergence of the new protectionism in the Western world reflects the victory of the interventionist, or welfare economy over the market economy. Jab Tumiler writes,“The old protectionism . coexisted, without any apparent i
31、ntellectual difficulty with the acceptable of the market as a national as well as an international economic distribution mechanismindeed, protectionists as well as(if only not more than)free traders stood for laissez-faire.【F3】Now, as in the 1930s, protectionism is an expression of a profound skepti
32、cism as to the ability of the market to distribute resources and incomes to societies satisfaction.It is precisely this profound skepticism of the market economy that is responsible for the protectionism. In a market economy, economic change of various colors implies redistribution of resources and
33、incomes. The same opinion in many communities apparently is that such redistributions often are not proper. Therefore, the government intervenes to bring about a more desired result.The victory of the welfare state is almost complete in northern Europe.【F4】In Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, and th
34、e Netherlands, government intervention in almost all aspects of economic and social life is considered normal. In Great Britain this is only somewhat less true. Government traditionally has played a very active role in economic life in France and continued to do so. Only West Germany dares to go aga
35、inst the tide towards excessive interventionism in Western Europe. It also happens to be the most successful Western European economy.【F5】The welfare state has made significant progress in the United States as well as in Western Europe, social security, unemployment insurance, minimum wage laws, and
36、 rent control are through now traditional welfare state elements on the American scene.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】20 Often referred to as “the heart of a factoring organization, “the credit department is responsible for granting credit to clients customers and for collecting the accounts rec
37、eivable purchased through the factor.【F1】When factored clients submit customer orders for credit approval, the credit department analyzes the financial condition and credit worthiness of the customer, then makes a decision to approve or decline the order. The department must then monitor the conditi
38、on of approved customers and collect all due receivables. Careful credit checking and effective collection procedures in this department can greatly reduce the risks inherent in factoring.As the head of the credit department, the credit manager is responsible for seeing that the department operates
39、effectively.【F2】He must develop the factors credit policies in consultation with senior factoring associates, and he is in overall command of everything from credit and collections to bankruptcy and liquidations. If only the factor is a commercial bank division, the credit manager is a bank vice pre
40、sident, and credit policy must also be approved through top management of the bank.【F3】Assisting the credit manager may be several supervisors who have credit responsibilities of their own and who also oversee the analysis and approval of customer orders through the credit specialists. Credit superv
41、isors typically spend about eighty percent of their time handling large customer orders. If only a customer order exceeds a supervisors credit authority, he is responsible for making recommendations to the credit manager. A supervisor also reviews a subordinates credit decision if only the subordina
42、te is unsure of the extent of the credit risk or if only a client questions a particular credit decision. In extremely large credit exposures, supervisors bear the responsibility for analyzing the credit position of the customers and deciding on credit limits. To do this, they must regularly obtain
43、current data from various credit information sources. They must also have extensive contact with each customer to determine operational performance and progress. Frequently, supervisors are called upon to give advice on what should be done to improve a companys financial condition.【F4】Meeting all th
44、ese responsibilities requires that each supervisor continuously observe and study the industries with which he is concerned, so that he is capable of anticipating market changes which may affect his accounts.【F5】A supervisors major challenge is to maintain a fine balance between the demands of clien
45、ts that all their customer orders be approved and the questionable financial position of some of the customers. In reviewing any credit decision, a supervisor must be capable of weighing a variety of elements, including the possibility of losing the client, the customer s credit position, and the ex
46、tent of any possible loss.21 【F1】22 【F2】23 【F3】24 【F4】25 【F5】25 【F1】As any parents of a young child who is a problem sleeper will confirm, permanent tiredness and constant irritability can put a huge strain on your relationship. In fact, according to a survey, lack of sleep is a big factor in divorc
47、e and separation for a third of couples.【F2】Ahead of a new series on the subject, a poll carried out for Channel 4 suggests the average parent surveyed got fewer than six hours of sleep a night, which also found that three in 10 couples who had split up said sleep deprivation since having their chil
48、d was a factor in the breakup. Nearly 45% said they had dozed off in a place they shouldnt have or was unsafe, with one in 20 admitting to falling asleep at the wheel of their car.Children waking throughout the night, as well as the struggle to get children off to bed at a respectable hour, were equ
49、ally important issues for parents. Nearly half of the 2, 000 people questioned said getting their child to sleep at a consistent time was a nightly battle.【F3】Around 11% admitted to pretending to be asleep in the night so that their partner was forced to deal with a crying child, while 11% said they had shut the door and 9% said they had turned up the TV to block out the noise of a sobbing child. A fifth of parents blamed the fact that their child had a television in their room for their failure to fall asleep.【F4】But psychologist Tanya Byron, who is among a panel of exp
