1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 28 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 In studying both the recurrence of special habits or ideas in several districts, and their prevalence within each district, there come before us ever-reite
2、rated proofs of regular causation producing the phenomena of human life, and of laws of maintenance and diffusion conditions of society, at definite stages of culture.【F1】But, while giving full importance to the evidence bearing on these standard conditions of society, let us be careful to avoid a p
3、itfall which may entrap the unwary student.【F2 】Of course, the opinions and habits belonging in common to masses of mankind are to a great extent the results of sound judgment and practical wisdom. But to a great extent it is not so.That many numerous societies of men should have believed in the inf
4、luence of the evil eye and the existence of a firmament, should have sacrificed slaves and goods to the ghosts of the departed, should have handed down traditions of giants slaying monsters and men turning into beastsall this is ground for holding that such ideas were indeed produced in mens minds b
5、y efficient causes, but it is not ground for holding that the rites in question are profitable, the beliefs sound, and the history authentic.【F3】This may seem at the first glance a truism, but, in fact, it is the denial of a fallacy which deeply affects the minds of all but a small critical minority
6、 of mankind. Popularly, what everybody says must be true, what everybody does must be right.【F4】There are various topics where even the educated people can hardly be brought to see that the cause why men do hold an opinion, or practise a custom, is by no means necessarily a reason why they ought to
7、do so. Now collections of ethnographic evidence, bringing so prominently into view the agreement of immense multitudes of men as to certain traditions, beliefs, and usages, are peculiarly liable to be thus improperly used in direct defense of these institutions themselves, even old barbaric nations
8、being polled to maintain their opinions against what are called modern ideas.As it has more than once happened to myself to find my collections of traditions and beliefs thus set up to prove their own objective truth, without proper examination of the grounds on which they were actually received.【F5
9、 】I take this occasion of remarking that the same line of argument will serve equally well to demonstrate, by the strong and wide consent of nations, that the earth is flat, and night-mare the visit of a demon.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 “Ive never met a human worth cloning,“ says cloning expert
10、 Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly, with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather, and in other cases not.To impose some order on this kaleidoscope o
11、f patterns, one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have density-dependent growth parameters; that is, rates of birth, death, and migration which depend strongly on population density.【F2 】The highly varying p
12、opulations have density-independent growth parameters, with vital rates buffeted by environmental events; these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.This dichotomy has its uses, but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing, no population can be
13、 driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death, and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages, if there were no density-dependent effects, the population would, in the long run, either increase or decrease w
14、ithout bound(barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly).【F3】Put another way, it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes, and only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may
15、seem unimportant, and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet, whether recognized or not, they will usually determine the long-term average population density.In order to understand the nature of the ecologists investigation, we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth
16、parameters as the signal ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while the density-independent effects act to produce noise in the population dynamics.【F4 】For populations that re
17、main relatively constant, or that oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effects described, even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown.【F5】For irregularly fluctuating populations, we are likely to have too few observations to ha
18、ve any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise. But it now seems clear that all populations are regulated by a mixture of density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 In the next century well be able to alter our DNA
19、 radically, encoding our visions and vanities while concocting new life-forms.【F1】When Dr. Frankenstein made his monster, he wrestled with the moral issue of whether he should allow it to reproduce, “Had I the right, for my own benefit, to inflict the curse upon everlasting generations?“ Will such q
20、uestions require us to develop new moral philosophies?Probably not. Instead, well reach again for a time tested moral concept, one sometimes called the Golden Rule and which Kant, the millenniums most prudent moralist, conjured up into a categorical imperative:【F2】Do unto others as you would have th
21、em do unto you; treat each person as an individual rather than as a means to some end.【F3】Under this moral precept we should recoil at human cloning, because it inevitably entails using humans as means to other humans ends and valuing them as copies of others we loved or as collections of body parts
22、, not as individuals in their own right. We should also draw a line, however fuzzy, that would permit using genetic engineering to cure diseases and disabilities but not to change the personal attributes that make someone an individual(IQ, physical appearance, gender and sexuality).The biotech age w
23、ill also give us more reason to guard our personal privacy. Aldous Huxley in Brave New World, got it wrong: rather than centralizing power in the hands of the state, DNA technology has empowered individuals and families.【F4 】But the state will have an important role, making sure that no one, includi
24、ng insurance companies, can look at our genetic data without our permission or use it to discriminate against us.【F5】Then we can get ready for the breakthroughs that could come at the end of the next century and the technology is comparable to mapping our genes: plotting the 10 billion or more neuro
25、ns of our brain. With that information we might someday be able to create artificial intelligences that think and experience consciousness in ways that are indistinguishable from a human brain. Eventually we might be able to replicate our own minds in a “dry ware“ machine, so that we could live on w
26、ithout the “wet ware“ of a biological brain and body. The 20th centurys revolution in info-technology will thereby merge with the 21st centurys revolution in biotechnology. But this is science fiction. Lets turn the page now and get back to real science.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】考研英语（翻译）模拟试
27、卷 28 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 翻译1 【正确答案】 但是，在充分强调这些和社会标准条件相关的证据的同时，我们必须小心谨慎，避免陷入粗心大意的学生常常掉进的陷阱。 【知识模块】 翻译2 【正确答案】 诚然，属于大多数人所共有的观念和习惯在很大程度上是合理的判断和实践智慧的结果。 【知识模块】 翻译3 【正确答案】 乍一看，这似乎像是老生常谈，然而事实上，
28、这是对一种谬论的否定：这种谬论深深植根于人类的头脑中，只有一小部分具有批判性思维的人能免受其误导。 【知识模块】 翻译4 【正确答案】 对于很多的话题，甚至那些受过教育的人也很难理解，人们持有某种观点、形成某种习俗的原因绝不一定是他们这样做的理由。 【知识模块】 翻译5 【正确答案】 因此，我借此机会想说的是，以上这种推理方式同样也可以证明地球是扁的，噩梦是恶魔的来访，并且可以争得许多民族坚决而广泛的认同。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译6 【正确答案】 这种风趣的用来形容克隆人的言辞来自一位富人，他花费数百万美金试图克隆一只 13 岁的名叫密斯的狗。 【知识模块】 翻译7 【正确答案】
29、 在研究“克隆密斯项目” 的三年时间里，农业机械大学的团队使用了成百上千只犬科动物的卵子，却仅仅获得了一打左右的带有密斯 DNA 的胚胎。 【知识模块】 翻译8 【正确答案】 教授争辩道，在研究猫或牛的克隆试验中，动物卵子的浪费以及许多动物的自然性流产都是可以为人们所接受的，但是对于研究人来说就不行。 【知识模块】 翻译9 【正确答案】 在一份用途声明中，密斯的主人和农业机械大学的团队表示，他们“共同期待能研究密斯的克隆体与它本身的差异之处。” 【知识模块】 翻译10 【正确答案】 他知道即使有只狗成功怀孕并且它的后代幸存下来，小狗一出生就要面对其他克隆动物所面临的问题：像肺部和心脏发育不全造
30、成的畸形以及体重问题等等。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译11 【正确答案】 生态学家的使命就是调查清楚环境和生态因素长期以来是如何控制种群繁殖的内在能力的。 【知识模块】 翻译12 【正确答案】 那些变化很大的种群具有“种群密度无关” 的增长参数，其生存率随环境因素的变化而变化，并且以一种完全独立于种群密度的方式进行波动。 【知识模块】 翻译13 【正确答案】 换一句话讲，也许种群内平均 99的死亡都由“种群密度无关” 因素导致的，只有 1和种群密度有关。 【知识模块】 翻译14 【正确答案】 对于那些数量相对稳定或者以某种循环周期摆动的种群而言，这种“信号”的特征比较容易被察觉而且也
31、很容易描述它的影响，即使引起这种情况的生物机制仍是未知的。 【知识模块】 翻译15 【正确答案】 对那些变化不规则的种群，我们可能因为观察得不够而无法从繁多的“噪音”中提取信号。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译16 【正确答案】 弗兰肯斯坦博士造出他的怪物时，他曾就是否应该允许它繁殖生育而深思这样一个道德问题：“我有权利为我自己的利益而降祸于子孙后代吗?” 【知识模块】 翻译17 【正确答案】 己所不欲，勿施于人；要把每个人作为个体对待，而不是作为达到某种目的的手段。 【知识模块】 翻译18 【正确答案】 在这一道德准则下，我们应该摒弃人类的克隆技术，因为它不可避免地会使一些人成为达到另外一些人目标的手段，这些人的价值只体现在他们是我们喜爱的人的复制品或是许多身体部件的组合上，而不在于他们是有自身权利的个体。 【知识模块】 翻译19 【正确答案】 但是(事实上)国家将起到很重要的作用，那就是保证包括保险公司在内的任何人，没有我们的允许不能看到我们的遗传数据或利用它来歧视我们。 【知识模块】 翻译20 【正确答案】 那么我们可以迎接可能于下世纪末出现的生物技术的突破，这一技术突破可与描绘基因相媲美：标记出我们大脑中的 100 亿甚至更多的神经元。 【知识模块】 翻译
