1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 38 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publishers pipelines. A few have already appeared.【F1】The goal of all will be to t
2、ry to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened.【F2】Scienti
3、fic creationism, which is being pushed by some for equal time in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard scientific creationism as
4、bad science and bad religion.The first four chapters of Kitchers book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beati
5、ng.【F3】He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.Kitcher is philosopher
6、, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments.【F4】The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust ja
7、cket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says:This book stands for reason itself.【F5】And so it doesand all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. Is
8、 this what you intended to accomplish with your careers? Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well? At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-se
9、arching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990.【F1】Its a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late S
10、teve Ross in 1992.【F2 】On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the companys mountainous debt, which will increase to $ 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors
11、 are waiting impatiently.【F3】The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him, Levin has consistently defended the companys rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-Ts violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as lawful expressi
12、on of street culture, which deserves an outlet.【F4】The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the
13、 results may sometimes be. We wont retreat in the face of any threats.Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last months stockholdersmeeting.
14、 Levin asserted that music is not the cause of societys ills and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.【F5 】But he talked as well about the balanced struggle between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the compan
15、y would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known
16、for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,“ says Luce. I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness
17、 and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal.【F1】But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been kno
18、wn that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman.【F2 】English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet, yet a suspicio
19、usly large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.【F3】Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bushs predecessors(including his father)had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against ju
20、st 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged(Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien and Koizumi). The world s three top central bankers(Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami)are all close to the top of the alp
21、habet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world s five richest men(Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early.【F4】At t
22、he start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alph
23、abetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards f
24、irst; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ.【 F5】Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.11 【F1】12 【F2
25、】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 【F1】The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decisio
26、n.【F2】Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking.Gen
27、erations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.Isenbergs recent research
28、 on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns
29、rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha! experience. Fourth, some man
30、agers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis.【F3】Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which ru
31、n counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of
32、 the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later.【F4】Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking-acting cyc
33、les, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.【F5】Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a co
34、urse of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking-acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F
35、3】19 【F4】20 【F5】考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 38 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 翻译1 【正确答案】 所有这些书的目的都试图向迷惑而且通常还没有被启发的普通民众解释：不可能有两种同样站得住脚的关于宇宙和生命的起源和演化的科学理论同时存在。 【知识模块】 翻译2 【正确答案】 科学的神造说特创论不论什么时候谈到进化的科学解释的时候，某些人就会要求在教
36、室里获得同等的时间来解释这一学说是以宗教为基础的，而不是以科学为基础。 【知识模块】 翻译3 【正确答案】 他揭露了这些人的纲领和手段，对那些不了解创世纪论者惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会让他们感到气愤和吃惊。 【知识模块】 翻译4 【正确答案】 非专业人士起码可以了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。 【知识模块】 翻译5 【正确答案】 的确如此如果理性是创世纪论和进化论之争的唯一裁判，一切问题就已解决了。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译6 【正确答案】 这是一种在不同时期会涉及责任、创作自由和公司底线问题的自我反省。 【知识模块】 翻译7 【正确答案】 财政方面，他承受着抬高股
37、价和减少公司巨额债务的压力。在两笔新的有线电视交易谈妥后，债务将达到 173 亿美元。 【知识模块】 翻译8 【正确答案】 人们对说唱音乐的焦虑并没使他的日子变得好过，莱文一向以它是一种富于表现力的演唱方式这个理由来为公司的说唱音乐辩护。 【知识模块】 翻译9 【正确答案】 他在华尔街日报一篇专栏文章中写道：对任何一个民主社会的检验不在于它能多有效地控制各种情感的表达，而在于是否给予了人们思考和表达的最广泛的自由，尽管有时这种结果会引起争论和愤怒。 【知识模块】 翻译10 【正确答案】 但他也谈到了在创作自由和社会责任之间要保持平衡的问题，他还宣布公司将致力于为一些人们可能会反感的音乐制定发行
38、和标识的标准。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译11 【正确答案】 但是还有一种神秘的不公平和歧视形式继续盛行：按字母排序。对于那些至今还没有意识到这个劣势的人来说，这指的是歧视那些姓氏首字母排在字母表后半部分的人。 【知识模块】 翻译12 【正确答案】 英语名字很均匀地分布于字母表的前后两部分，不过，许多杰出人物的姓氏首字母都在 A 与 K 之间。 【知识模块】 翻译13 【正确答案】 美国总统和副总统的姓氏首字母分别是 B 和 C；乔治、布什的前任中(包括他的父亲) ，有 26 位姓氏在字母表的前半部分，而只有 16 位在后半部分。【知识模块】 翻译14 【正确答案】 在幼儿园第一学期
39、的开始，老师们按字母表顺序从前排开始安排座位，为的是更容易记住他们的名字。 【知识模块】 翻译15 【正确答案】 求职面试的决选名单、投票选举单、会议发言和出席名单，所有这些往往都是按字母顺序排列的，而人们在翻看这些东西的时候总是渐渐地失去兴趣。【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译16 【正确答案】 大部分成功的高层管理人员并不拘泥于传统的推理模式，即：首先确定目标，然后估定问题，摆出各种可能性，估计成功率，再做决定，最后才付诸行动去实施。 【知识模块】 翻译17 【正确答案】 相反，在这些人的曰常决策过程中，他们靠一种定义模糊的直觉应付大量相关问题，这些问题使他们必须在一堆含糊不清、自相矛盾、奇特无比或者令人惊异的事物中做抉择，而且在考虑过程中就要有相应的行动。 【知识模块】 翻译18 【正确答案】 大部分高层管理人员熟知传统的决策分析模式和工具，那些使用这些正式的系统化方法做出决定的人经常会对一种情况保持警惕，那就是有时此方法得出的结论和他们对正确行为的感觉不符。 【知识模块】 翻译19 【正确答案】 在思考一行动的循环中，分析是必不可少的。在这其中管理者们不是靠分析他们面对的形势来思考其公司和组织的情况，而是在同一高度进行行动和分析。 【知识模块】 翻译20 【正确答案】 由于管理者们经常面对许多不确定的情况，他们鼓励采取各种行动来对问题作一番深入了解。 【知识模块】 翻译
