1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 56 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 The author of some forty novels, a number of plays, volumes of verse, historical, critical and autobiographical works, an editor and translator, Jack Linds
2、ay is clearly an extraordinarily prolific writer a fact which can easily obscure his very real distinction in some of the areas into which he has ventured.【F1】His co-editorship of Vision in Sydney in the early 1920s, for example, is still felt to have introduced a significant period in Australian cu
3、lture, while his study of Kickens written in 1930 is highly regarded. But of all his work it is probably the novel to which he has made his most significant contribution.Since 1916 when, to use his own words in Fanfrolico and after, he “reached bedrock,“ Lindsay has maintained a consistent Marxist v
4、iewpoint【F2 】and it is this viewpoint which if nothing else has guaranteed his novels a minor but certainly not negligible place in modern British literature. Feeling that “the historical novel is a form that has a limitless future as a fighting weapon and as a cultural instrument“, Lindsay first at
5、tempted to formulate his Marxist convictions in fiction mainly set in the past; particularly in his trilogy in English novels1929, Lost Birthright, and Men of Forty-Eight(written in 1919, the Chartist and revolutionary uprisings in Europe).【F3】Basically these works set out, with most success in the
6、first volume, to vivify the historical traditions behind English Socialism and attempted to demonstrate that it stood, in Lindsays words, for the “true completion of the national destiny“.【F4】After the war Lindsay continued to write mainly about the presenttrying with varying degrees of success to c
7、ome to terms with the unradical political realities of post-war England.【F5】In the series of novels known collectively as “The British War“, and beginning with Betrayed Spring in 1933, it seemed at first as if his solution was simply to resort to more and more obvious authorial manipulation and heav
8、y-handed didacticism. Fortunately, however, from Revolt of the Sons, this process was reversed, as Lindsay began to show an increasing tendency to ignore party solutions, to fail indeed to give anything but the most elementary political consciousness to his characters, so that in his latest(and what
9、 appears to be his last)contemporary novel, Choice of Times, his hero, Colin, ends on a note of desperation: “Everything must be different, I cant live this way any longer. But how can I change it, how? “ To his credit as an artist, Lindsay doesnt give him any explicit answer.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4
10、】5 【F5】5 Islamic law is a particularly instructive example of “sacred law“. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactm
11、ents are concerned that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.【F1 】Even the two other representatives of sacred law that are historically and geographically nearest to it, Jewish law and Roman Catholic canon law, are perceptibly diffe
12、rent.Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora(the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in late
13、r parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of
14、 legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.【F2】All this was unified by being subjected to the same kind of religious scrut
15、iny, the impact of which varied greatly, being almost nonexistent in some fields, and in others originating novel institutions.【F3】This central duality of legal subject matter and religious norm is additional to the variety of legal ethical and ritual rules that is typical of sacred law.In its relat
16、ion to the secular state, Islamic law differed from both Jewish and canon law.【F4】Jewish law was buttressed by the cohesion of the community, reinforced by pressure from outside: its rules are the direct expression of this feeling of cohesion, tending toward the accommodation of dissent. Canon and I
17、slamic law, on the contrary, were dominated by the dualism of religion and state, where the state was not, in contrast with Judaism, an alien power but the political expression of the same religion. But the conflict between state and religion took different forms; in Christianity it appeared as the
18、struggle for political power on the part of a tightly organized ecclesiastical hierarchy, and canon law was one of its political weapons. Islamic law, on the other hand, was never supported by any organized institution; consequently there never developed an overt trial of strength.【F5】There merely e
19、xisted discordance between application of the sacred law and many of the regulations framed by Islamic states; this antagonism varied according to place and time.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 【F1】Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English l
20、anguage with skill and gift, nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s
21、 counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education.【 F2】Mr. McWhorters academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom
22、“, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.【F3】But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,“ has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone
23、when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is tr
24、iumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care.【F4】As a linguist, he acknow
25、ledges that all varieties of human language, including nonstandard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressivethere exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper
26、.【F5】Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and p
27、roposes no radical education reformshe is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.“ A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 There have been rumors. Theres been goss
28、ip. All Hollywood is shocked to learn that Calista Flockhart, star of Foxs hit TV show Ally McBeal, is so thin. And we in the media are falling all over ourselves trying to figure out whether Flockhart has an eating disorder, especially now that she has denied it. Well, Im not playing the game.【F1】I
29、f the entertainment industry really cared about sending the wrong message on body image, it wouldnt need so many slender celebrities in the first place.But the fact remains that 2 million Americans-most of them women and girls-do suffer from eating disorders.【F2】In the most extreme cases they litera
30、lly starve themselves to death, and those who survive are at greater risk of developing brittle bones, life-threatening infections, kidney damage and heart problems. Fortunately, doctors have learned a lot over the past decade about what causes eating disorders and how to treat them.The numbers are
31、shocking.【F3】Approximately 1 in 150 teenage girls in the U. S. falls victim to anorexia nervosa, broadly defined as the refusal to eat enough to maintain even a minimal body weight.【F4】Not so clear is how many more suffer from bulimia, in which they binge on food, eating perhaps two or three days wo
32、rth of meals in 30 minutes, then remove the excess by taking medicine to move the bowels or inducing vomiting. Nor does age necessarily protect you. Anorexia has been diagnosed in girls as young as eight. Most deaths from the condition occur in women over 45.Doctors used to think eating disorders we
33、re purely psychological. Now they realize theres some problematic biology as well.【F5】In a study published in the Archives of General Psychiatry recently, researchers found abnormal levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain, in women who had been free of bulimia for at least a year. That
34、may help explain why drugs have allowed a lot of people to stop swallowing in large doses of food. Unfortunately, the pills dont work as well for denial of food. Nor do they offer a simple one-stop cure. Health-care workers must re-educate their patients in how to eat and think about food.How can yo
35、u tell if someone you love has an eating disorder? “Bulimics will often leave evidence around as if they want to get caught.“ says Tamara Pryor, director of an eating-disorders clinic at the University of Kansas in Wichita. Anorexics, by contrast, are more likely to go through long periods of denial
36、.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 56 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 翻译1 【正确答案】 例如：20 世纪 20 年代杰克林德萨与人合编的悉尼生活一直被认为将澳大利亚文化引入了一个新的时期，而他 1930 年著的关于 Kickens 的著作也受到了很高的评价。 【知识模块】 翻译2 【正确答案】
37、如果没有其他因素的话，恰是这种世界观确保了杰克林德萨的小说在现代英国文坛上拥有不大但是肯定不可忽视的地位。 【知识模块】 翻译3 【正确答案】 随着第一部作品的巨大成功，这些作品基本上复苏了英国社会主义背后的历史传统并且试图证明它保持不变，用杰克林德萨自己的话说，为了“民族命运的真正圆满 ”。 【知识模块】 翻译4 【正确答案】 战后，林德萨继续主要就当时的背景进行写作，试图以不同程度的成功与战后英国非激进的政治现实达成妥协。 【知识模块】 翻译5 【正确答案】 在他 1993 年以背叛的春天开始的英国的路这一系列小说集中，看起来好像他的解决方法就是更多地依靠作家式的处理和笨拙的说教。 【知识
38、模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译6 【正确答案】 即使是犹太法和罗马天主教教会法，这两个在历史上和地理上与它最接近的法律，也明显与它不相同。 【知识模块】 翻译7 【正确答案】 所有的这些因为都受到同样的宗教审查而统一起来，然而宗教审查的影响却是不同的；在某些领域，它几乎是不存在的；而在另一些领域，它则主导了规则和教条的制定。 【知识模块】 翻译8 【正确答案】 神圣法律的特点除了法律和仪式的规定之外，还有法律和宗教的双重性。 【知识模块】 翻译9 【正确答案】 犹太法由社会的凝聚力支撑，由外部压力得到巩固：它的规定是凝聚感的直接体现，趋向于包容不同意见。 【知识模块】 翻译10 【正确答案】
39、神圣法律的运用与伊斯兰国家所制定的规定之间存在不一致；这种矛盾的程度依地点和时间而不同。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译11 【正确答案】 美国人已不再期待公众人物能在演讲或写作中运用技巧和文采来驾驭英语，而公众人物自己也不再渴望这样。 【知识模块】 翻译12 【正确答案】 麦荷特先生的学术专长是语言史和语言演变。举例来说，他认为“whom”一词的逐渐消失是很自然的，并不比古英语中词格尾缀的消失更让人惋惜。【知识模块】 翻译13 【正确答案】 然而，“做自己的事” 这一对事务真实性和个人性的崇高信条，已经导致了正式演讲、写作、诗歌及音乐的消失。 【知识模块】 翻译14 【正确答案】 作为
40、语言学家，麦荷特认为各种各样的人类语言，包括像黑人语言这样的非标准语言，都具有强大的表达力世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言和方言。 【知识模块】 翻译15 【正确答案】 俄罗斯人深爱自己的语言，并在脑海中存储了大量诗歌；而意大利的政客们往往精心准备演讲，即使这在大多数讲英语的人们眼里已经过时。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译16 【正确答案】 如果娱乐业真的担心在身体形象上传达错误的信息，那么首先就不需要这么多身材纤细的名人。 【知识模块】 翻译17 【正确答案】 在最极端的情形下，她们真的把自己饿死。而那些幸存者出现骨质疏松、威胁生命的传染病、肾损伤和心脏问题的危险更大。 【知识模块】 翻译18 【正确答案】 在美国几乎 150 个青春期的女孩中就有一个是厌食症的受害者，厌食症广义上被定义为有意节食以维持最小的体重。 【知识模块】 翻译19 【正确答案】 不清楚还有多少人患有暴食症，这些人狂吃，三十分钟内可能要吃掉两三天的饭量，然后通过吃药帮助大便通畅或者催吐的方式来去除多余的食物。【知识模块】 翻译20 【正确答案】 最近在普通精神病学纪要发表的研究中，研究者在摆脱暴食症至少一年的妇女中发现非正常水平的复合胺(一种大脑中的神经传递素)。 【知识模块】 翻译
