1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 61 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 At the moment, there are two reliable ways to make electricity from sunlight.【F1】You can use a panel of solar cells to create the current directly, by libe
2、rating electrons from a semiconducting material such as silicon. Or you can concentrate the suns rays using mirrors, boil water with them, and employ the steam to drive a generator.Both work. But both are expensive. Gang Chen of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Zhifeng Ren of Boston Col
3、lege therefore propose, in a paper in Nature Materials, an alternative. They suggest that a phenomenon called the thermoelectric effect might be used insteadand they have built a prototype to show that the idea is practical.In their view, three things are needed to create a workable solar-thermoelec
4、tric device. The first is to make sure that most of the sunlight which falls on it is absorbed, rather than being reflected. The second is to choose a thermoelectric material which conducts heat badly(so that different parts remain at different temperatures)but electricity well.【F2】The third is to b
5、e certain that the temperature gradient which that badly conducting material creates is not frittered away by poor design.The two researchers overcame these challenges through clever engineering. The first they dealt with by coating the top of the device with oxides of hafnium, molybdenum and titani
6、um, in layers about 100 nanometres thick.【F3】These layers acted like the anti-reflective coatings on spectacle lenses and caused almost all the sunlight falling on the device to be absorbed.The second desideratum, of low thermal and high electrical conductivity, was achieved by dividing the bismuth
7、telluride into pellets a few nanometres across.【F4 】That does not affect their electrical conductivity, but nanoscale particles like this are known to scatter and obstruct the passage of heat through imperfectly understood quantum-mechanical processes.The third objective, efficient design, involved
8、sandwiching the nanostructured bismuth telluride between two copper plates and then enclosing the upper plate(the one coated with the light-absorbing oxides)and the bismuth telluride in a vacuum. The copper plates conducted heat rapidly to and from the bismuth telluride, thus maintaining the tempera
9、ture difference. The vacuum stopped the apparatus losing heat by convection. The upshot was a device that converts 4.6% of incident sunlight into electricity.【F5 】That is not great compared with the 20% and more achieved by a silicon-based solar cell, the 40% managed by a solar-thermal turbine, or e
10、ven the 18-20% of one of the new generation of cheap and cheerful thin-film solar cells. But it is enough, Dr Chen reckons, for the process to be worth considering for mass production.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 No Nobel prize has yet been awarded for the invention of an elixir of life, but the
11、prize itself seems to be one. That, at least, is the conclusion of Matthew Rablen and Andrew Oswald of the University of Warwick, in England【F1】Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald have just published a study on the universitys working-paper site which concludes that Nobel science laureates live significantly
12、longer than those of their colleagues who were nominated for a prize, but failed to receive one.The theory they were testing was that status per se rather than the trappings of status, such as wealth, act to prolong life. This idea was first promulgated by Sir Michael Marmot, of University College,
13、London. 【F2】Sir Michael studied the health of British civil servants and discovered, contrary to his and everyone elses expectations, that those at the top of the hierarchywhom the stress of the job was expected to have affected adverselywere actually far healthier than the supposedly unstressed off
14、icials at the bottom of the heap.Subsequent research has confirmed this result, and suggested it is nothing to do with the larger salaries of those at the top. But Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald thought it would be interesting to refine the observation still further, by studying individuals who were all,
15、 in a sense, at the top. By comparing people good enough to be considered for a Nobel, they could measure what the status of having one was worth.【F3】Comparing winners and also-rans from within the same countries, to avoid yet another source of bias, Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald found that the winners
16、lived, on average, two years longer than those who had merely been nominated. Exactly what causes this increased longevity is unclear. It is not the cash, though. The inflation-adjusted value of the prize has fluctuated over the years, so the two researchers were able to see if the purchasing power
17、of the money was correlated with longevity. It was not.【F4】With the hierarchically ordered individuals studied by Sir Michael and his successors, both medical records and experiments on animals suggest stress hormones are involved.It is, indeed, more stressful to be at the bottom than the top, even
18、if being at the top involves making decisions on the fate of nations.【F5】The result Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald have come up with, though, suggests a positive effect associated with high status, rather than the absence of a negative effect, since unsuccessful nominees never know that they have been no
19、minated.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 “Flexibility“ has become a key metaphor potently vivifying a variety of contemporary life discourses.【F1】As capital becomes more globalized and national economies increasingly integrated on a global basis, flexibility becomes both a key goal in, and a means
20、of, maintaining and increasing economic competitiveness. Organizations are expected to respond flexibly and rapidly to market changes and a premium is now placed on the need for flexibility not only within workplaces but also between them. Within this context are located interlinking discourses of f
21、lexible organizations, flexible workers and a consequent perceived need amongst managers for flexible structures, modes and contents of learning to service these organizations and workers.【F2】Given this context, flexible learning can be seen as both a condition of and contributor to changes in the s
22、ocial and economic division of labor, the organization and management of work and production, and the management of workplace culture. Flexible learning is also, from an educational perspective, about the appropriate provisions required to meet such changes. Traditional knowledge canons and pedagogi
23、cs are increasingly seen as inflexible, challenged and displaced by more flexible contents and modes of learning regarded as more congruent with the flexibility in labor processes, markets, products and patterns of consumption.【F3 】All this has contributed to accelerating the breakdown of the univer
24、sitys monopoly of knowledge legitimation and to a developing consciousness that the university is no longer the only or principal site in which “valid“ learning occurs.As well as socio-economic and technological changes, the significance of changes in the cultural climate are an important means of u
25、nderstanding the contemporary workplace. These latter, to a large extent, are both the cause and outcome of postmodernism as a generalized social consciousness that involves the undermining of foundations, centers of authority and canonical knowledge and more decentred forms of social and economic o
26、rganization. This has contributed to an acute consciousness of change, stimulation of diversity and difference and a consequent need to be flexible.【F4】This simultaneous, continuous and rapid changein both the higher education sector and in contemporary workplacesis both an outcome and a reinforceme
27、nt of a perceived urgency for continuous adaptation and flexible approaches to learning. Emerging in several OECD nations including the UK and Australia are university led work-based learning awards. 【F5】These award programs can be aptly understood as an instance of flexible learning, characteristic
28、 of a contemporary situation that increasingly and significantly privileges “learning“ as the term preferred over “education“. This is manifesting not only flexibility in learning but also a flexibility of learning. This entails a reconfiguration of traditional educational principles of disciplines-
29、based curricula, canonical texts, courses with fixed beginnings and ends, and face-to-face teaching.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 Personality is to a large extent inherentA-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring.【F1】But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if co
30、mpetition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the win at all costs moral standard and mea
31、sure their success by sporting achievements.【F2】The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous conseque
32、nces: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: Rejoice, we conquer!By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well.【F3
33、】The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into Bs.【F4 】The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try t
34、o fit a childs personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values.【F5】Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by goo
35、d grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. Bs are important and should be encouraged.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 61 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text c
36、arefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 翻译1 【正确答案】 你可以使用一块太阳能电池板从硅等半导体材料中释放电子来直接制造电流。也可以用镜子集中太阳光线，利用它们烧开水，利用蒸汽驱动发电机。【知识模块】 翻译2 【正确答案】 第三是确保那种导热性差的材料产生的温度变化不会因为设计缺陷而白白浪费。 【知识模块】 翻译3 【正确答案】 它们的作用类似玻璃眼镜上面防反射的覆盖层，使所有落到设备上的阳光都被吸收。 【知识模块】 翻译4 【正确答案】 它们的导电性不会因此受
37、到影响，但是人们知道像这样的纳米级颗粒会分散开来并通过人们还尚未完全理解的量子力学过程阻碍热量通道。 【知识模块】 翻译5 【正确答案】 以硅晶为基础的太阳能电池的转化率为 20甚至以上，太阳能热力涡轮的为 40，就连一种新一代价廉物美的薄膜太阳能电池的转化率也能达到18一 20。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译6 【正确答案】 拉伯伦博士与奥斯瓦尔德博士刚刚在沃里克大学学报上发表了一份研究报告，该报告表明摘取诺贝尔奖桂冠的科学家的寿命明显要长于那些得到提名却未能获奖的科学家。【知识模块】 翻译7 【正确答案】 麦克爵士曾在研究英国公务员的健康时发现，那些处在最高层、被认为承受极大工作压
38、力影响的公务员要比那些位于底层看似没有压力的公务员更加健康，而这一发现与他及其他所有人的预料都相反。【知识模块】 翻译8 【正确答案】 通过比较来自同一个国家的获奖者与落选者，以避免另一种偏差，拉伯伦博士与奥斯瓦尔德博士发现获奖者的平均寿命要比那些仅仅得到提名的人长两年。【知识模块】 翻译9 【正确答案】 在麦克爵士及其后继者所研究的等级制度森严的人群中，医学记录和在动物身上展开的实验都表明长寿与调控压力的激素有关。【知识模块】 翻译10 【正确答案】 拉伯伦博士与奥斯瓦尔德博士所得出的结论表明了高地位带来的是积极影响而不是负面影响，因为没能获得成功的被提名人决不会知道他们曾获得了提名。【知识
39、模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译11 【正确答案】 随着资本在全球范围内流动的加强以及各国国民经济在全球经济基础上的日益融合，灵活性已经是保持并增强经济竞争力的一个重要目标，也是实现这一目标的一种重要方式。【知识模块】 翻译12 【正确答案】 鉴于这一背景，灵活式学习可被视为社会经济中劳动力分配、工作与生产的组织管理以及企业文化管理等方面变化的条件之一，也是促进这一变化的动力之一。【知识模块】 翻译13 【正确答案】 所有这些因素都有助于加快瓦解大学在正规学习上的垄断地位；同时也使人们越来越强烈地认识到，大学已不再是“有效” 学习的唯一或主要场所。【知识模块】 翻译14 【正确答案】 高等教育部
40、门和现代企业内部正在发生的持续而快速的变化既是我们迫切要求不断适应环境和灵活学习的产物，同时，它又加强了人们对这两方面的紧迫感。【知识模块】 翻译15 【正确答案】 在当前的教育环境下，人们越来越频繁地用“学习” 代替“教育”，这种“以大学为向导、工作为依托” 的学习模式可以比较贴切地理解为当前教育形势的特色灵活式学习的一个典范。【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译16 【正确答案】 但环境也一定对其有深刻的影响，因为如果竞争对父母来说很重要的话。那它也可能成为孩子生活中的一个重要因素。 【知识模块】 翻译17 【正确答案】 现在这种让孩子们和其同学或时间竞争的热情导致了一个双层结构，在这个结构里面善于竞争的 A 类好像在某个方面要比他们 B 类的同辈更胜一筹。 【知识模块】 翻译18 【正确答案】 通过考试进行竞争的优点本身就有些让人怀疑，但是如果在明知注定要失败的情况下还要竞争就肯定是有害的了。 【知识模块】 翻译19 【正确答案】 这个世界需要各种性格的人，学校的一个重要职责是使孩子的性格适合将来可能从事的工作。 【知识模块】 翻译20 【正确答案】 也许对从事照顾他人的职业，特别是医疗事业(从业人员)的选择应该更少地基于化学成绩而更多地基于对敏感个性和同情心的考虑。 【知识模块】 翻译
