1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 8 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 【F1】One meaning of the Greek word “dran“ is to accomplish, and in this meaning lies a further key to the structure of drama. A play concerns a human agent a
2、ttempting to accomplish some purpose. In tragedy his attempt is, in personal terms at least, unsuccessful; in comedy it is successful; in the problem play final accomplishment is often either ambiguous or doubtful.【F2】This action, from the beginning to the end of a movement toward a purposed goal, m
3、ust also have a middle; it must proceed through a number of steps, the succession of incidents which make up the plot. Because the dramatist is concerned with the meaning and logic of events rather than with their casual relationship in time, he will probably select his material and order it on a ba
4、sis of the operation, in human affairs, of laws of cause and effect. It is in this causal relationship of incidents that the element of conflict, present in virtually all plays, appears.The central figure of the playthe protagonistencounters difficulties; his purpose or purposes conflict with events
5、 or circumstances, with purposes of other characters in the play, or with cross-purposes which exist within his own thoughts and desires. These difficulties threaten the protagonists accomplishment.【F3】In other words, they present complications, and his success or failure in dealing with these compl
6、ications determines the outcome.【F4 】Normally, complications build through the play in order of increasing difficulty: one complication may be added to another, or one may grow out of the solution of a preceding one. At some point in this chain of complication and solution, achieved or attempted, th
7、e protagonist performs an act or makes a decision which irrevocably commits him to a further course, points toward certain general consequences.【F5】This point is usually called the crisis; the complications and solutions which follow work out the logical steps from crisis to final resolution, or den
8、ouement.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 Americans today dont place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars.【F1】Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical educationnot to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge.
9、 Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools arent difficult to find. “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,“ says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.“ Ravitchs latest book, Left Back: A Century of Fai
10、led School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and
11、control.【F2】Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy.“Continuing along this path,“ says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.“Intellect is
12、 resented as a form of power or privilege,“ writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our
13、democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.【F3 】Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought sc
14、hooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children, “【 F4】We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.“ Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its
15、 hero avoids being civilizedgoing to school and learning to readso he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind.【F5】 Intelligence
16、 seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim the
17、ir hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.“6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 The U.S. Secret Service, which studies “targeted violence“, provides insight on the urgency of the need in its 2002 “Safe School Initiative“ report:【F1】S
18、chool attacks, instead of being the random impulsive acts of noisy and cruel fellows, are well-planned events mostly carried out by a single studentwho is not evil but mentally ill. Except for being male, the 41 attackers studied fit no profile of family background, race, ethnicity, or even academic
19、 performance. Many were A and B students. Few had a history of violent or criminal behavior. But their thoughts were of violence, and their behavior was often frightening.【F2 】They frequently expressed violent themes in their writings, in one instance portraying killing and suicide as solutions to f
20、eelings of despair. The criminals often had telegraphed to other students and teachers to express their depression or desperation and either talked about or had attempted suicide. Feelings of persecution by others were common and led to growing resentment and anger.【F3】Psychiatrists and psychologist
21、s recognize that these are red flags demanding medical intervention. Yet one of most striking findings in the report was that the vast majority of these students never had a mental-health evaluation. No wonder only 17 percent were diagnosed with a psychiatric illnessit wasnt looked for. That alone p
22、oints to a huge mental health gap: If the distress of these students didnt trigger medical attention, its unlikely that less severe struggles that are seen in as many as 15 to 20 percent of other students will do so.【F4】Only recently have we learned that these are neurodevelopmental disorders whose
23、early signs might well be picked up in routine podiatric screening. For example, a classic behavior in a child that can precede psychosis later in life is speaking to almost no one, even family, says Nasrallah.Genes are known to confer vulnerability, but equally important is the environment. Stress
24、or great disappointment can aggravate symptoms; Connecting with an adult in an ongoing relationship can do the opposite. Interventions like social-skills training combined with talk therapy and targeted medication can make a huge difference.【F5】Early treatment can lessen the frequency and intensity
25、of psychotic episodes, leaving many patients with only the mildest of symptoms. And the younger the brain, the more malleable is. The ultimate goal is to not only modify evaluation of disease but keep it from arising in the first place. This is achievable, and the path to get there is becoming clear
26、.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 【F1】With the extension of democratic rights in the first half of the nineteenth century and the ensuing decline of the Federalist establishment, a new conception of education began to emerge. Education was no longer a confirmation of a pre-existing status, but
27、an instrument in the acquisition of higher status. For a new generation of upwardly mobile students, the goal of education was not to prepare them to live comfortably in the world into which they had been born, but to teach them new virtues and skills that would propel them into a different and bett
28、er world.【F2】Education became training; and the student was no longer the gentleman-in-waiting, but the journeyman apprentice for upward mobility.In the nineteenth century a college education began to be seen as a way to get ahead in the world. The founding of the land-grant colleges opened the door
29、s of higher education to poor but aspiring boys from non-Anglo-Saxon, working-class and lower-middle-class backgrounds.【F3 】The myth of the poor boy who worked his way through college to success drew millions of poor boys to the new campuses. And with this shift, education became more vocational: it
30、s object was the acquisition of practical skills and useful information.【F4】For the gentleman-in-waiting, virtue consisted above all in grace and style, in doing well what was appropriate to his position; education was merely a way of acquiring polish. And vice was manifested in gracelessness, awkwa
31、rdness, in behaving inappropriately, discourteously, or ostentatiously. For the apprentice, however, virtue was evidenced in success through hard work. The requisite qualities of character were not grace or style, but drive, determination, and a sharp eye for opportunity. While casual liberality and
32、 even prodigality characterized the gentleman, frugality, thrift and self-control came to distinguish the new apprentice.【F5】And while the gentleman did not aspire to a higher station because his station was already high, the apprentice was continually becoming, striving, struggling upward. Failure
33、for the apprentice meant standing still, not rising.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】20 What accounts for the astounding popularity of Dr. Phil McGraw? Why have so many TV viewers and book buyers embraced this tough warrior of a psychologist who tells them to suck it up and deal with their own pro
34、blems rather than complaining and blaming everyone else? Obviously,Oprah Winfrey has a lot to do with it. She made him famous with regular appearances on her show, and is co-producing the new “Dr. Phil“ show thats likely to be the hottest new daytime offering this fall. But we decided to put Dr. Phi
35、l on the cover not just because hes a phenomenon.【F1】We think his success may reflect an interesting shift in the American spirit of time. Could it be that we re finally getting tired of the culture of victimology?This is a tricky subject, because there are very sad real victims among us. Men still
36、abuse women in alarming numbers. Racism and discrimination persist in subtle and not-so-subtle forms.【F2】But these days, almost anyone can find a therapist or lawyer to assure them that their professional relationship or health problems arent their fault. As Marc Peyser tells us in his terrific prof
37、ile of Dr. Phil, the TV suits were initially afraid audiences would be offended by his stern advice to “get real! “ In fact, viewers thirsted for the tough talk. Privately, we all know we have to take responsibility for decisions we control. It may not be revolutionary advice(and may leave out impor
38、tant factors like unconscious impulses).【F3】But its still an important message with clear echoing as, a year later, we contemplate the personal lessons of September 11.Back at the livestock farmthe one in Crawford, TexasPresident Bush continued to issue mixed signals on Iraq.【F4 】He finally promised
39、 to consult allies and Congress before going to war, and signaled an attack isnt coming right now(“Im a patient man“). But so far there has been little consensus-building, even as the administration talks of “regime change“ and positions troops in the gulf. Bushs team also ridiculed the press for gi
40、ving so much coverage to the Iraq issue. Defense Secretary Rumsfeld called it a “frenzy“, and Press Secretary Ari Fleischer dismissed it as “self-inflicted silliness“. But as Michael Hirsh notes in our lead story, much of the debate has been inside the Republican Party,【F5 】where important voices of
41、 experience argue Bush needs to prepare domestic and world opinion and think through the global consequences before moving forward. With so much at stake, the media shouldnt pay attention? Now whos being silly?21 【F1】22 【F2】23 【F3】24 【F4】25 【F5】25 As a young bond trader, Buttonwood was given two pie
42、ces of advice, trading rules of thumb, if you will: that bad economic news is good news for bond markets and that every utterance dropping from the lips of Paul Volcker, the then chairman of the Federal Reserve, and the man who restored the central banks credibility by stomping on runaway inflation,
43、 should be respected than Popes orders. Todays traders are, of course, a more sophisticated bunch. But the advice still seems good, apart from two slight drawbacks. The first is that the well-chosen utterances from the present chairman of the Federal Reserve, Alan Greenspan, is of more than passing
44、difficulty.【F1 】The second is that, of late, good news for the economy has not seemed to upset bond investors all that much. For all the cheer that has crackled down the wires, the yield on ten-year bondswhich you would expect to rise on good economic newsis now, at 4.2%, only two-fifths of a percen
45、tage point higher than it was at the start of the year. Pretty much unmoved, in other words.Yet the news from the economic front has been better by far than anyone could have expected. On Tuesday November 25th, revised numbers showed that Americas economy grew by an annual 8.2% in the third quarter,
46、 a full percentage point more than originally thought, driven by the ever-spendthrift American consumer and, for once, corporate investment.【 F2】Just about every other piece of information coming out from special sources shows the same strength. New houses are still being built at a fair clip. Expor
47、ts are rising, for all the protectionist crying. Even employment, in what had been mocked as a jobless recovery, increased by 125, 000 or thereabouts in September and October.【F3 】Rising corporate profits, low credit spreads and the biggest-ever rally in the junk-bond market do not, on the face of i
48、t, suggest anything other than a deep and long-lasting recovery. Yet Treasury-bond yields have fallen.If the rosy economic backdrop makes this odd, making it doubly odd is an apparent absence of foreign demand Foreign buyers of Treasuries, especially Asian certral banks, who had been swallowing Amer
49、ican government debt like there was no tomorrow, seem to have had second thoughts lately.【F4】In September, according to the latest available figures, foreigners bought only $5-6 billion of Treasuries, compared with $ 25.1 billion the previous month and an average of $38.7 billion in the preceding; four months.【F5】In an effort to keep a lid on the yen s rise, the Japanese central bank is still busy buying dollars and parking the money in government debt. Just about everyboby else seems to have been selling.26 【F1】27 【F2】28 【F3】29 【F4】30 【F5】考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 8 答案与
