1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 113 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 So much data indicate the worlds progress towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs), a set of targets adopted by world leaders at the UN te
2、n years ago. But the goal-setting exercise has further pitfalls. Too often, the goals are reduced to working out how much money is needed to meet a particular target. Yet the countries that have made most progress in cutting poverty have largely done so not by spending public money, but by encouragi
3、ng faster economic growth. As Shanta Devarajan, the World Banks chief economist for Africa, points out, growth does not just make more money available for social spending. It also increases the demand for such things as schooling, and thus helps meet other development goals. Yet the goals, as drawn
4、up, made no mention of economic growth.Of course growth by itself does not solve all the problems of the poor. It is also clear that while money helps, how it is spent and what it is spent on are enormously important. For instance, campaigners often ask for more to be spent on primary education. But
5、 throughout the developing world teachers on the public payroll are often absent from school. Teacher-absenteeism rates are around 20% in rural Kenya, 27% in Uganda and 14% in Ecuador.In any case, money that is allocated for such services rarely reaches its intended recipients. A study found that 70
6、% of the money allocated for drugs and supplies by the Ugandan government in 2000 was lost; in Ghana, 80% was siphoned off. Money needs to be spent, therefore, not merely on building more schools or hiring more teachers, but on getting them to do what they are paid for, and preventing resources from
7、 disappearing somewhere between the central government and their supposed destination.The good news is that policy experiments carried out by governments, NGOs, academics and international institutions are slowly building up a body of evidence about methods that work. A large-scale evaluation in And
8、hra Pradesh in southern India has shown, for example, that performance pay for teachers is three times as effective at raising pupils test scores as the equivalent amount spent on school supplies.And in Uganda the government, appalled that money meant for schools was not reaching them, took to publi
9、cizing how much was being allotted, using radio and newspaper. Money wastage was dramatically reduced. The World Bank hopes to bring such innovations to the notice of other governments during the summit, if it can. For if the drive against poverty is to succeed, it will owe more to such ideas and th
10、eir wider use than to targets set at UN-sponsored summits.1 According to the text, which of the following merits cant we derive from economic growth?（A）It increases other demands such as education.（B） It may help the government to fulfill other Millennium Development Goals.（C） Faster growth will lif
11、t the poor out of poverty.（D）Economic growth may solve some problems of the poor.2 Teacher-absenteeism is cited as an example_.（A）to call for governments to apply performance pay for teachers（B） to underline the importance of money should be spent on where it is needed（C） to state that the allocated
12、 money should get staffs to do what they are paid for（D）to show that African countries have a long way to go before reaching the UNs goalposts3 According to the author, we should_when dealing with allocated money.（A）avoid the leakage of money（B） give the anti-poverty plans the priority（C） promote ed
13、ucation to a higher level（D）improve public infrastructure first4 On which of the following would the author most probably agree?（A）Economic growth does not make more money available for social spending.（B） Money leakage is a big problem that Africa encounters.（C） Millennium Development Goals may inv
14、olve each countrys GDP growth.（D）MDGs have come to seen as applying to each developing country.5 We may infer from the last paragraph that_.（A）the World Bank plays an important role in helping Uganda fix money wastage（B） money leakage is rampantly flourishing in Uganda（C） MDGs may have failed in lif
15、ting the poor out of poverty（D）innovative ideas should come before targets set by UN5 “What a difference a word makes.“ The issue of semantics has been an ongoing complaint against the media, which has been characterized by an increasing level of sensationalism and irresponsible reporting over the y
16、ears, fostered by increasingly fierce competition and struggle for wider distributions and readerships.A focal point for the criticism is the coverage of high-profile criminal cases. With such headlines as “Mr. X Arrested for First-Degree Murder“ prominently displayed across the front page, it has b
17、een argued that such provocative language influences public opinion, causing premature assumptions of guilt before the matter can be properly and legally decided in a court of law. The power of the media to influence public opinion and, by extension, legal and political perceptions, has long been es
18、tablished and recognized, spurring outcries when inaccurate or overly embellished stories result in unwarranted destruction of public image or intrusions into privacy of unwilling individuals.Reporters and editors take the utmost care in their choice of words for use in their articles, but with cons
19、tant pressure to create provocative headlines in order to sell their papers, the distinction between respectable periodicals and trashy tabloids is becoming thinner every day. The predicament is exacerbated by the publics seeming short attention span, putting the papers under pressure to make their
20、stories as attention-grabbing as they are accurate. Further obfuscating the situation is the fact that the same phrase can be interpreted in a myriad of different ways depending on who reads it, making it hard for one to judge whether a line is excessive or not.Whatever the causes and effects, howev
21、er, the freedom of press laws in the United States means that any change to the style employed by the media must be self-imposed. In that respect, it appears that nothing will be changing in the near future, since the publics insatiable hunger for controversy and scandal continues to dominate and se
22、t the pace for marketable reporting. As the sensationalism and its related effects continue into the longer term, however, there will no doubt be more outcry as the trend continues. This will possibly result in an upheaval of the system, favoring more accurate, unembellished reporting, consisting of
23、 hard facts with a minimum of supposition or commentary and devoid of rumrs and other questionable sources of information. If and when that occurs, we can truly state with pride that our media industry is not only a free one, but a responsible and reliable one.6 Accurate representation and reporting
24、 is vital in the media because_.（A）the way that information is presented to the public can influence opinions and outcomes（B） catering to profit-driven sensationalism leads to further inaccuracies and misrepresentations（C） such information is necessary for proper decision-making by public leaders（D）
25、far-fetched exaggerations invariably intrude into the private lives of those being reported on7 In line 4, paragraph 3, the word “exacerbated“ is most similar in use to “_“.（A）caused（B） intensified（C） forced to continue（D）encouraged8 Some media sources utilize catchy but misleading headlines in orde
26、r to_.（A）outdo their competitors in creating the most provocative stories（B） foster interest in the main text of the article（C） submit to the demands of the public, who want such sensational titles（D）boost sales by stirring interest above that of the competitors9 From paragraph 4, we can infer that_
27、.（A）if public opinion and buying habits continue to favor sensationalism, papers will continue to exaggerate and misrepresent（B） the future of the media is one of truthfulness and accuracy（C） in order for the media to change in a positive direction, the industry itself must desire the change（D）a shi
28、ft in public opinion will cause the media to change its habits in reporting10 The opinion of the author on media reporting is that_.（A）reporting, as it is conducted today, is of little value due to its sensationalist nature（B） the media is primarily interested in boosting sales and only marginally i
29、nterested in the accuracy of its articles（C） the media is on a downward spiral toward further inaccuracies, but there is hope for the future（D）the inaccurate nature of the media is mainly because of public demand for that type of journalism10 The question of ethics in the legal profession is one tha
30、t has plagued industry since its inception. The common image of an attorney is one who will resort to any unethical trick to twist the laws to fit his purposes. In the more specific industry of criminal law, defense attorneys are often criticized for advocating on behalf of defendants who are “obvio
31、usly guilty“, thus becoming roadblocks on the path to justice. Much to the contrary, however, defense attorneys provide a valuable service that should earn them praise, not scorn.While it is true that every lawyer will do everything within his power to interpret the laws in the manner most beneficia
32、l to his client, such a characterization is by no means limited to defense attorneys. The prosecution will do the same thing, employing all his legal knowledge and know-how to establish the guilt of the defendant. In this respect, the vague nature of the law is highlighted, and it becomes a virtual
33、necessity for each side to use every tool at their disposal, on the assumption that the other side will also use every tool at his. The net result emerges as a positive, in which the tricks of the opposing attorneys cancel one another out, leaving only the truth, clearer and devoid of manipulation,
34、presented for the jurys consideration.Further, the defense attorney is a vital element of the American judicial system, in that without him the defendant would stand no chance whatsoever. Under the constitution, even the most “obviously guilty“ defendants are guaranteed the right to a fair trial, in
35、volving someone able and willing to advocate on his behalf. Of course, there are bad apples in the industry who are unethical and care nothing for actual justice, and whose only concerns are their wallets. Generally speaking, however, without defense attorneys, the system would crumble into a mere m
36、achine in which defendants are assumed guilty, without a chance to argue or prove otherwise, and many innocent people falsely charged with crimes would be severely punished for transgressions that they didnt commit.It is a basic fact that the adversarial system of justice in the United States is nec
37、essary in order to ensure the fairest and most unbiased presentation and evaluation of the facts possible. Without defense attorneys, that system cannot be carried out, and would result in a loss of the civil liberties that the nation enjoys and treasures. To that end, all of those who make that pro
38、cess a reality, including defense attorneys, deserve our support and admiration, not our suspicion and disdain.11 The primary criticism directed at the legal profession is that_.（A）they defend and advocate on behalf of individuals who are clearly deserving punishment（B） they violate laws in order to
39、 accomplish the goals（C） lawyers manipulate laws and interpret them in roundabout fashions to achieve their desired result（D）attorneys lack an ethical basis by which to perform their duties12 According to the text, which of the following is not necessarily true?（A）By having both the defense and pros
40、ecution using tricks to make laws and facts fit their clients needs, what is presented to the jury is unobstructed truth.（B） The adversarial process of the United States judicial system yields fair and unbiased presentation and evaluation of facts.（C） Without defense attorneys, innocent people would
41、 go to jail.（D）Attorneys will use all methods at their disposal to make the facts and laws favor their clients.13 In light of the prevailing attitude toward defense attorneys, the author responds with _.（A）harsh criticism of the basis for those attitudes（B） explanations for why those attitudes exist
42、 and continue to dominate popular perceptions（C） strict defense of those lawyers and staunch resistance against such attacks（D）reasons for why those attitudes are false and a presentation on a more accurate view14 The best title for this text would be_.（A）Modern Law and Society（B） A Misunderstood Pr
43、ofession（C） Vital Elements of the Adversarial Judicial System（D）Ethics and the Defense Attorney15 It is argued that defense attorneys are a vital part of the judicial system due to the fact that without them, there would be no other way for_.（A）advocating on behalf of defendants who are obviously gu
44、ilty（B） making the adversarial trial system possible（C） presenting a truth to the jury that is unbiased and not manipulated（D）defending the civil rights of all Americans15 Economics has often been criticized as a science concerned only with the short term, to the exclusion of the consideration of ho
45、w short-term goals affect long-term consequences. While it is true that economics is generally focused on achieving short-term maximization of resources, it must be kept in mind that the long-term is never neglected. One of the most intrinsic concepts in the field of economics is game theory, which
46、examines how the choices immediately facing an individual will affect his subsequent breadth of choices that emerge afterward.For example, consider the case of a manager of a business who must decide whether to create a shoddy product, aware of the fact that ignorant buyers will buy an equal amount
47、of the item regardless of its quality, since they know nothing about it yet. Assume that creating a shoddy product is less expensive than creating merchandise of higher quality. Short-term economics would argue that it is the best course of action for the manager to create the low-quality item, sinc
48、e the same reward would be achieved for a lower price.More properly applied economics, however, would demand further consideration, taking into account the long-term. While creating a shoddy product in the long term would boost short-term profits, it would also cause buyers not to purchase from the
49、managers company in the future, resulting in a significant loss in long-term profits. Consequently, the boost in short-term profit would have to be weighed against the loss in long-term profits, providing a more realistic and applicable aspect to the decision making process. When game theory comes into play, economics becomes a more useful tool in real-world situations.Having examined the way in which game theory is applied, its name now makes sense. Game theory is similar to a chess game, in which the effects of
