1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 118 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Authoritative new study sets out a grim vision of shortages and violencebut amid all the gloom, there is hope too. An effort on the scale of the Apollo
2、mission that sent men to the moon is needed if humanity is to have a fighting chance of surviving the ravages of climate change. The stakes are high, as without sustainable growth, “billions of people will be condemned to poverty and much of civilization will collapse.“This is the stark warning from
3、 the biggest single report to look at the future of the planetobtained by The Independent on Sunday ahead of its official publication next month. Backed by a diverse range of leading organizations such as UNESCO, the World Bank, the US army and the Rockefeller Foundation, the 2009 State of the Futur
4、e report runs to 6,700 pages and draws on contributions from 2,700 experts around the globe. Its findings are described by Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the UN, as providing “invaluable insights into the future for the United Nations, its member states and civil society.“The authors of the repor
5、t, produced by the Millennium Projecta think-tank formerly part of the World Federation of the United Nations Associationsset out a number of emerging environmental security issues. “The scope and scale of the future effects of climate changeranging from changes in weather patterns to loss of liveli
6、hoods and disappearing stateshas unprecedented implications for political and social stability.“The effects of climate change are worseningby 2025 there could be three million people without adequate water as the population rises still further. And massive urbanization, increased encroachment on ani
7、mal territory, and concentrated livestock production could trigger new pandemics. Although government and business leaders are responding more seriously to the global environmental situation, it continues to get worse, according to the report. It calls on governments to work to 10-year plans to tack
8、le growing threats to human survival, targeting particularly the US and China, which need to apply the sort of effort and resources that put men on the Moon.But the authors suggest the pre-mentioned threats could also provide the potential for a positive future for all. The good news is that the glo
9、bal financial crisis and climate change planning may be helping humanity to move from its often selfish, self-centered adolescence to a more globally responsible adulthood. Many perceive the current economic disaster as an opportunity to invest in the next generation of greener technologies, to reth
10、ink economic and development assumptions, and to put the world on course for a better future.1 It is indicated in Paragraph 1 that_.（A）addressing climate change calls for massive endeavors（B） shortages and violence are inevitable in the future（C） human should send men to the moon to solve climate ch
11、ange（D）people havent paid enough attention to climate change2 The report obtained by The Independent on Sunday is not characterized by_.（A）authority（B） voluminous contents（C） keen observations（D）leading viewpoints3 Which of the following would the author most probably agree on?（A）The main reason of
12、the new pandemics is urbanization, encroachment on animal territory and concentrated livestock production.（B） US and China should joint their hands to tackle the growing threats.（C） People should put men on the moon again with our efforts and resources.（D）Human should consider climate change as a ch
13、ance.4 We learn from the last paragraph that financial crisis_.（A）will promote the expansion of green technologies（B） has helped human to be more responsible and mature（C） may offset the existing consequences（D）has nothing to do with the climate change5 Which of the following would be the title of t
14、he text?（A）Multiple Inevitable Consequences of Climate Change（B） Gloomy yet Promising Prospect of Climate Change（C） Humans Redemption about Climate Change（D）Reasons behind the Worsening Effects of Climate Change5 There is a lot to feel down about this month: the subprime mortgage crisis, stormy, unp
15、redictable weather, rising gas prices, presidential primary free-for-alls. So, it would be easy to believe the theory set forth by Professor Arnall, a researcher from Cardiff University, that the third Monday of the montha day he calls Blue Mondaywill be our most depressing day of the year. Arnall b
16、ases his yearly prediction on a formula he developed which factors in the weather, consumer debt from holiday spending and failed New Years resolutions and arrives at that conclusion that we will hit rock bottom on Monday the 21st. Aside from the fact that Arnalls theory has been discounted by many
17、in the academic community, I have got a better way of finding the true nadir of depression: Look to our search behavior.In the digital age we are likely to turn to search engines just as often as we would confide in friends and medical professionals to gauge our psychological state. If we think we a
18、re suffering from a real bout of the blues or a mental crisis, we are likely to Google the symptoms or find a chat group in the hopes of performing a self-diagnosis. In fact online searches “depression“ are among the most popular searched word, sending traffic to the 5,900 sites that we track in the
19、 Hitwise Health and Medical category, but the peak is not in January. According to our internet behavior, our depression spikes reliably in mid-November every year, right in time for Thanksgiving, the launch of the holiday season.To confirm this timing I took a look from a different perspective. If
20、we are depressed, we are probably also seeking pharmacological help. By aggregating the traffic to the websites of the top antidepressants and charting visits to those sites over the last three years, a very interesting pattern emerges. The spike in traffic to the official websites for drugs like Le
21、xapro, Prozac, Paxil and Cymbalta occurs in late October and early November, two weeks ahead of the height in searches on “depression“. It is almost as if people anticipate their holiday depression and start shopping early for their drug of choice.Another surprise lies in the demographics of visitor
22、s to antidepressant websitesthey are not who you would expect. If visitors to Lexapro website, for example, are at all representative of the typical depressed individual, depression during November is an affliction primarily of the young and the old, but not of the middle-aged. The two age groups th
23、at account for the largest portion of site visitors are 18 to 24 and over 55. Visitors to Lexapros site also tend to have average to above-average incomes: 51% of visitors come from households earning between $60,000 and $ 150,000 per year, while 20% come form households that earn over $150,000a sam
24、ple, perhaps, not of the depressed in general, but of those who can afford to seek treatment.So, despite the failing economy, the storm of the century here in Northern California, a disappointing roster of presidential candidates and deciding that New Years resolutions are not for me this year, I am
25、 feeling pretty good about things. If research date is any indication, I am not alone.6 According to Paragraph 1, we can infer that_.（A）the mass tend to be more depressed this year（B） the third Monday of the month is our most depressing day of the year（C） Arnalls theory has won widespread favor in t
26、he public（D）Arnalls theory inspires the author to propose his own theory7 The underlined word “gauge“ in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_.（A）appraise（B） moderate（C） predict（D）mimic8 By aggregating and charting visits to the antidepressants sites, the author intends to _.（A）expound the reason wh
27、y the spike in traffic to those sites takes place in late October（B） verify the conclusion about when the peak of “depression“ is（C） make a comparison between the different conclusions reached in Paragraph 2 and 3（D）state the fact that people can anticipate their holiday depression9 On which of the
28、following would the author most probably agree?（A）We might as well google our symptoms instead of turning to shrinks.（B） Arnalls theory has been discounted in that it does not quite fit the fact.（C） There lies a relation between the demographics of visitors and their incomes.（D）Depression during Nov
29、ember primarily affects the young and the old.10 The most probable subject of the text would be_.（A）the middle class is easily subjected to depression（B） the young and the old should pay more attention to depression（C） our online behavior is an indicator of our depression（D）at the advocacy of the au
30、thor, we should be optimistic about everything10 It is the “new frontier“, says Japans trade ministry. Japanese firms have at last noticed that emerging markets are growing much faster than rich ones. And though they were late to the dance, they brought some nifty moves.Profits at Japans 559 major l
31、isted companies surged by 46% in the most recent quarter according to Nikkei, a financial-information provider. That is a fourfold increase from a year ago, and largely due to soaring sales in emerging markets. Many Japanese firms that lost money in 2009 have revived their fortunes by selling to the
32、 new global middle class. Strong demand in Asia helped. Sony, an electronics firm, posted a healthy ￥79 billion profit in the most recent quarter, reversing a pretax loss of ￥33 billion a year ago. Its revenue from emerging markets grew by about 40%; sales in Brazil nearly doubled. Shiseido, Japans
33、biggest cosmetics maker also opened a factory in Vietnam, where newly prosperous lips are crying for gloss.Countries outside North America and Europe will account for 80% of global growth between 2000 and 2050. Western consumers have become more frugal. Japan has been stagnant for two decades and it
34、s population is shrinking. Small wonder corporate Japan is looking elsewhere. Its traditional wares are ill-suited for the new frontier. Many are costly, complex and easily undercut by simpler gadgets from South Korea, Taiwan District and China. Japanese firms have long used poor countries merely as
35、 production bases and then shipped their products to rich ones. That model no longer works.To prosper on the new frontier, Japanese firm must adapt. Panasonic, an electronics firm, is overhauling both its products and its organization. Instead of maintaining strict management divisions by territory,
36、 the company now thinks about product lines by temperate and tropical climate zones. Executives from South America visit their peers in Malaysia each quarter to swap ideas.Difficulties still lurk. The strong yenwhich has gained 14% this year to touch ￥86 for $1hurts exports. However, it makes merger
37、s and acquisitions cheaper: Japanese firms have spent more than $11 billion on deals in poor countries so far this year, already surpassing the total in 2009. By shifting production abroad and souring locally, Japanese companies can probably cope. Another difficulty is managing a global workforce. L
38、abor unrest forced Toyota and Honda to suspend operations in China this summer. At home workers are so docile that Japanese managers are often unprepared for such spats. So Japanese firms are rushing to hire foreign talents. Relatively low pay for bosses and a lack of English-speaking staff make thi
39、s hard, but some firms are making progress.Having reengineered their products for emerging markets, Japanese firms may now have to shake up their corporate culture. They devolve too little power to local staff and rarely promote non-Japanese to top management. They take decisions slowly, by consensu
40、s and after endless memos to head office. To survive in emerging markets corporate Japan must learn to be nimble.11 The fact that_can be learned about the “new frontier“ in the text.（A）Japan has been looking beyond the “new frontier“（B） it is filled up with corporate competitors（C） it results in a m
41、ajor global revival recently（D）Japanese firms are the latecomers in this area12 We can infer from the fisrt two paragraphs that_.（A）the new markets in Asia are developing much faster than any others（B） Japanese firms are immediate beneficiaries of Asias rising demands（C） Shiseidos half of its revenu
42、e comes from oversea market（D）Sony manage to revive due to its expansion in Brazil13 Which of the following is the reason for the fact that Japan is looking elsewhere?（A）Domestic development of Japan languishes and its market and population is decreasing.（B） Japanese commodities dont comply with the
43、 taste of the “new frontier“.（C） Japans currencyyen keeps being strong.（D）Japanese firms confront difficulties in managing its workforce.14 On which of the following would the author most probably agree?（A）All firms of Japan should overhaul its products and its organization.（B） The strong yen is a b
44、lessing and curse to Japanese firms.（C） Japanese firms should pay more for their executives, especially the English-speaking ones.（D）It is necessary for Japanese firms to take decisions slowly and consensually.15 The authors attitude towards Japanese firms is one of_.（A）criticism（B） objectiveness（C）
45、 satisfaction（D）skepticism15 America is used to making the economic weather. It has the worlds largest economy, its most influential central bank and it issued the main global reserve currency. In recent months, however, some rich-world economies(notably Germans)have basked in the sunshine even as t
46、he clouds gathered over America.On August 27th Americas second-quarter GDP growth was revises down to an annualized 1.6%. That looked moribund compared with the 9% rate confirmed in Germany a few days earlier. Americas jobless rate was 9.5% in July. But in Germany the unemployment rate is lower even
47、 than before the downturn. Other rich countries, including Britain and Australia, have enjoyed sprightlier recent GDP growth and lower unemployment than America.This unusual divergence within the rich world has fostered many competing theories to explain it, including differences in fiscal policies,
48、 exchange rates and debt levels. Most of these do not quite fit the facts. On one account Germany and, to a lesser extent, Britain have been rewarded for taking a firm grip on their public finances. In this view, the promise to tackle budget deficits has had a liberating effect on private spending b
49、y reducing uncertainty. In America, by contrast, anxiety about public debt is making businesses and consumers tighten their purse strings.The theory is a little too neat. Although credible plans to curb deficits are helpful to medium-term growth, they are unlikely to explain sudden spurts. Britains budget plans were announced towards the end of the quarter, on June 22nd. Germanys were set out two weeks earlier. They could scarcely explain why GDP growth was strong. Indeed for most of the second qua
