1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 129 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 “3M“ comes from “Minnesota Mining (2)if it is not good, we will have purchased peace of mind when we have proved it impractical.“1 What is implied in th
2、e first sentence?（A）3M isnt really from Minnesota.（B） 3M doesnt like to waste money.（C） 3M isnt good at solving problems.（D）3Ms success story is unusual.2 McKnights focus on the research resulted in_.（A）more ideas and more testing（B） more testing of existing ideas（C） more ideas to test（D）testing bef
3、ore and during production3 Why did Richard Carlton say “Every idea should have a chance to prove its worth“?（A）Because his whole business depends on new ideas.（B） Because he likes hearing new ideas.（C） Because even if a new idea doesnt work, it will be one less competing idea to worry about.（D）Becau
4、se you never know which ideas are good and which are not.4 The author uses the example of the Wetordry sandpaper to show that_.（A）nothing good comes from a mistake（B） real success can only be had if mistakes are avoided（C） all ideas should be treated equally（D）if you purchase a piece of mind, you ar
5、e impractical5 It can be inferred from the text that_.（A）many of 3Ms successes had their origins in problems（B） 3M was founded as a research-centered organization（C） most of 3Ms great products came about through purchasing customers ideas（D）were it not for Francis Okie, 3M would not be selling sandp
6、aper today5 It is a universal dilemma. What to do with the jerks at work, the persons who are so disliked by their colleagues that no one wants to work with them? The traditional answer is to tolerate them if they are at least half-competenton the grounds that competent jerks can be trained to be ot
7、herwise, while much-loved bunglers cannot.A recent study suggests that such an approach seriously underestimates the value of being liked. In a study of over 10,000 work relationships at five very different organisations, Tiziana Casciaro and Miguel Sousa Lobo, academics at Harvard Business School a
8、nd the Fuqua School of Business respectively, found that(given the choice)people consistently and overwhelmingly prefer to work with a “lovable fool“ than with a competent jerk.The authors suggest that as well as training jerks to be more charmingalthough “sadly there are people who are disliked bec
9、ause they are socially incompetent, and probably never will be truly charming“companies should also “leverage the likeable“. Amiable folk should be turned into “affective hubs“, people who can bridge gaps “between diverse groups that might not otherwise interact“.Re-evaluating jolly types who spend
10、long hours hanging round water-coolers is currently fashionable. Ronald Burt, a sociologist at the University of Chicago and a leading proponent of “social capital“an explanation of “how people do better because they are somehow better connected with other people“has written a book(Brokerage and Clo
11、sure)in which he describes the “clusters“ and “bridges“ that are typical of organisations informal networks. Mr Burt calls the people who form bridges between clusters “brokers“; they resemble Ms Casciaros and Mr Sousa Lobos affective hubs. In practice, Mr Burt has found that brokers do better than
12、people without the social skills to cross the spaces between clusters.A book published in English this week, but already a cause celebre in France, portrays most employees as foolslovable or otherwise. Corinne Maiers Bonjour Laziness is a worms-eye view of a corporate world where only three creature
13、s exist: sheep(“weak and inoffensive“); pests(“poisoning the general atmosphere“); and loafers(“their only aim is to do as little as possible“). In the view of Ms Maier, a practising psychoanalyst, pests(i.e., jerks)rule the corporate world.(So does being a jerk give you the skills needed to get to
14、the top? And only in France?)The rest can only hope to lie low and await their pension. But, assuming you are lovable, far better, surely, to follow the Burt route: head straight for the water-cooler.6 According to paragraph 1, the traditional attitude to jerks at work is to_.（A）fire them, even if t
15、hey are good workers（B） fire them, because they are not good workers（C） accept them, if they are good workers（D）accept them, because they are good workers7 According to the text, research has found that people prefer to work with_.（A）those similar to them（B） those with less mental competence（C） peop
16、le whom they like（D）people who like to tell jokes8 It can be inferred from the text that the best definition of “social capital“ is_.（A）the ability to use people to your advantage（B） the ability to form social networks（C） the ability to do well in life because you have connections（D）the ability to m
17、ake business connections9 Corinne Maiers book mentions sheep, pests, and loafers because_.（A）they each represent a kind of fool in the business world（B） they look like different body types（C） they can be used to categorize employees（D）they are the same as Burts brokers, clusters, and bridges10 Which
18、 of the following is true according to the text?（A）Companies are now training employees to stand by the watercooler.（B） Incompetent people usually hold high positions in companies.（C） Only three creatures exist.（D）Competent jerks are not usually preferred over lovable fools.10 Does a hummingbird fly
19、 like an insect or a bird? A bit like both, according to aerodynamic research. “What led us to this study was the long-held view that hummingbirds fly like big insects,“ says Douglas Warrick, of Oregon State University in Corvallis. Many experts had argued that hummingbirds skill at hovering, of whi
20、ch insects are the undisputed masters, means that the two groups may stay aloft in the same way: by generating lift from a wings upstroke as well as the down.This turns out to be only partially true. Other birds get all of their lift from the downstroke, and insects manage to get equal lift from bot
21、h up and down beats, but the hummingbird lies somewhere in between.Warrick and his team investigated the birds performance by looking at the swirls of air left in their wake. To do this, they trained rufous hummingbirds(Selasphorus rufus)to hover in place while feeding from a syringe filled with sug
22、ar solution. They filled the air with a mist of microscopic olive-oil droplets, and shone a sheet of laser light in various orientations through the air around the birds to catch two-dimensional images of air currents. A couple of quick photographs taken a quarter-second apart caught the oil droplet
23、s in the act of swirling around a wing.Although hummingbirds do flap their wings up and down in relation to their body, they tend to hold their bodies upright so that their wings flap sideways in the air. To gain lift with each stroke the birds partially invert their wings, so that the aerofoil poin
24、ts in the right direction. Their flight looks a little like the arm and hand movements used by a swimmer when treading water, albeit it at a much faster pace.Insects attain the same lift with both strokes because their wings actually turn inside out. A hummingbird, with wings of bone and feathers, i
25、snt quite so flexible. But the birds are still very efficient. “Their wings are a marvellous result of the considerable demands imposed by sustained hovering flight,“ Warrick says. “Provided with enough food, they can hover indefinitely.“The researchers add that the hummingbirds flapping bears a str
26、iking resemblance to that of large insects such as hawkmoths, an example of how evolution can produce similar engineering solutions in hugely distant animal groups.11 The way that a hummingbird gets lift is_.（A）almost exactly half-way between the way most birds do and the way insects do（B） mainly wh
27、en its wings move up（C） closer to insects than to birds（D）closer to birds than to insects12 It can be inferred from the first two paragraphs that_.（A）most people think that hummingbirds and insects fly in a similar way（B） most people think that hummingbirds and birds fly in a similar way（C） few peop
28、le think that hummingbirds are skilled at hovering（D）few people think that birds get their lift from up and down beats13 The key advantage insects have over hummingbirds, when hovering, is that_.（A）insects are lighter（B） their wings can turn inside out（C） they dont need to flap their wings as fast a
29、s hurnmingbirds do（D）they need less food than hummingbirds14 What does the author mean by “undisputed“(line 4, para. 1)?（A）Disproved.（B） Debated.（C） Unquestioned.（D）Underrated.15 What is the main purpose of the text?（A）To demonstrate how clever hummingbirds are.（B） To point out differences between h
30、ummingbirds and insects.（C） To answer the question about whether a hummingbird flies more like other birds or more like insects.（D）To point out that evolution can produce similar engineering solutions in hugely distant animal groups.15 It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards had final
31、ly sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and beefed up their feeble corporate governance, a new problem threatens to earn themespecially in Americathe sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to low-l
32、evel IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the bosss agenda in businesses of every variety.Such contented self-satisfaction may have been encouragedthough not justifiedby the lack of l
33、egal penalty for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. “Boards should pay as much attention to these IT operational risks as they do to other operational risks in the firm,“ argues George Westerman of
34、 the MIT Sloan School of Management. After all, boards have audit committees and compensation committees. It may be time for a data-protection committee, he argues. Bosses must ensure that there are effective data risk-management processes in place, be aware of their greatest vulnerabilities and pro
35、mote a corporate culture that acknowledges data risks rather than hides them.But the problem is often a lack of understanding by senior managers not just of technology but of business processes, says Thomas Parenty, author of Digital Defense: What You Should Know About Protecting Your Companys Asset
36、s. “No one in the organisation bothers to look at the value of what data they hold, the consequences if something bad happens to it, and the appropriate mechanisms to prevent that from happening,“ he says.So, what should a boss do? Accountancy firms and consultants are already spotting a chance to p
37、rofit by conducting an independent security and privacy auditand for many firms, their(no doubt)huge fee will probably be worth the money. The auditors inspect technology systems, data flow and the controls on access to data within an organisation and with its business partners.A wise boss will also
38、 appoint a senior executive to be responsible for data securityand not just to have a convenient scapegoat in the event of a leak. Diana Glassman, a data protection expert, says that a useful first step would be for the boss to write to all employees reminding them of the risks and potential cost of
39、 data leakage, and asking them, before passing data to anyone else, to question whether that person truly needs, or is entitled to, it.16 According to the opening paragraph, data security is now high on bosses agendas because（A）low-level IT staff cannot deal with it any more（B） bosses have dealt wit
40、h all the other problems affecting their businesses（C） data protection is a hot topic（D）it is the kind of issue that can cause them to lose their jobs17 As far as America is concerned, what is special about Californias new law?（A）Companies have to pay when they lose data.（B） Companies have to tell p
41、eople when they lose data.（C） Bosses must form data protection committees.（D）Companies cannot hold data they do not use.18 According to Thomas Parenty, the key problem for bosses, as far as data loss is concerned, is that_.（A）bosses dont fully understand the technology or the business processes（B） d
42、ata held by companies are rarely used（C） data held by companies can be lost without anyone knowing（D）bosses are unwilling to undergo privacy audits19 An independent privacy audit is probably worth the money because_.（A）it will reassure clients（B） it gives the boss someone to blame if there is any lo
43、ss of data（C） companies are legally obliged to protect data, or probably soon will be（D）soon they will become more expensive20 According to Diana Glassman, who is responsible for data protection?（A）The boss.（B） The senior executive responsible for data security.（C） Everyone working in a company.（D）T
44、he government.考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 129 答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)【知识模块】 阅读1 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 属句子理解题。“3M”从“明尼苏达矿业及制造”而来，但这三个 M代表“错误=魔术= 金钱”可能更合适。选项 A 与原文不符， B、C 选项在这句话中找不到任何线索。正确答案是 D，因为 3M 的成功来源于错误，这是它的不寻常之处。
45、【知识模块】 阅读2 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 属细节题。文中第四段第一句话：McKnights move to center the business on researchended up having the dual effect of not only testing ideas but also generating them，说明 McKnight 以研发为中心产生了双重效应：不仅验证新思想，而且产生新思想。A 选项为正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读3 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 属细节题。Every idea should have a chance to prove its
46、 worth 出现在文章最后。原因有二：(1)好则要；(2) 不好的话，证明其不切实际后，也就心安了。C 选项为正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读4 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 属例证题。问题对应末段倒数第二句。这个例子就是用来说明后一句的：每个想法都应该有机会证明自己的价值。选项 C“所有想法都应该受到公平对待”符合这个意思。A、B 选项与原文意思相反， D 完全是干扰选项。【知识模块】 阅读5 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 属推断题。题干中没有具体定位的提示词，需要把选项与原文一一进行比较。A 对应的是第一段第二句：在 3M 101 年的历史中，很多突破性的产品都是先由顾客提出的一个问题开始的
47、，A 选项符合此意，是正确答案。 B、C 无法从文中推断，D 与原文相违背，都是干扰选项。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读6 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 属细节题。本题关键词是 traditional attitude。第一段第三句话明确告诉我们传统的做法是：只要这些人有能力就可以 tolerate them。tolerate 意思是“宽容，忍受”，所以我们不难得出正确答案为 C。【知识模块】 阅读7 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 属细节题。原文第二段讲述了五个不同机构的调查，其结果是：如果可以选择，人们绝对会选“可爱的笨人”做自己的同事，而不会选“能干的怪人”。故而答案选 C。【知识模
48、块】 阅读8 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 属推断题。题干中的 social capital 出现在文中第四段第二句话，紧接其后的(注意破折号的作用)便是对 social capital 的解释：人们凭借更好的人际关系使得工作效果更好。所以正确答案应为 C。选项 A 是指利用别人的能力，一定程度上有贬义。选项 B 只指出构建社会关系网的能力，没提及实现更好的工作效果，不全面。而 D 的意思则过于狭窄，只指出商业关系网，同样不全面。【知识模块】 阅读9 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 属细节题。文章在最后一段指出：Corinne Maier 从公司最下层的视角把职员分成三类：sheep(“weak
49、 and inoffensive”) ；pests(“poisoning the general atmosphere”)；and loafers(“theironly aim is to do as little as possible”)，然后加以解释。所以答案为 C。A 选项与原文不符。B 项虽为事实，但答非所问。Burt 所说的 brokers 是指有良好人际关系的人，而他所提出的brokers、clusters 、bridges 与 Maier 的 sheep、pests、loafers 意义并不相同，所以 D 项不对。【知识模块】 阅读10 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 属推理题。Water-cooler(水冷却器)在原文中被认为是公司里人们聚集的地方，但没有说“公司正训练职员站在水冷却器旁”，所以排除 A。文章最后一段提到：Maier 认为 Jerkspests 掌管公司的大权，但这里的 Jerkspests 并非是 incompetent people，所以排除 B。C 不对的原因是它只是 Maier 个人的观点。根据文中那项调查的结果可确定答案选
