1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 132 及答案与解析Part B (10 points) 0 The BBC reports that carbon dating has allowed archaeologists to pinpoint(really an average)when Stonehenge was constructed. It was between 2400 and 2200 BC, which the researchers average to a date of 2300 BC.The archaeologists hope this more precise date
2、of origin will help them figure out what the purpose of Stonehenge was. This BBC video discusses the official dig thats offering evidence for one theory. It suggests the site was a healing center. Diggers found a large amount of bluestones were once present on the site. Those stones were transported
3、 150 miles(well before Britains sweet, extensive train system)from Wales to the stony site. 【R1】 _To back up their bluestone theory, theyve found “an abnormal number“ of the corpses buried in tombs near Stonehenge with evidence of serious physical injury and disease. This suggests people traveled fr
4、om far and wide to the site to be healed by the bluestonesor primitive physicians who used the stones to offer medicinal options. In this sense, the site is thought to be a bit like a British Lourdes.【R2 】_Mike Parker Pearson, from the University of Sheffield, suggested to the International Herald T
5、ribune last year that Stonehenge was a memorial and final resting place for the dead. The wood architecture of Durrington Walls, a living quarters found nearby that may have housed Stonehenge inhabitants like priests, likely symbolized the transience of life.The archaeologists were allowed to excava
6、te a patch of earth that yielded 100 pieces of organic material from the sites original bluestones. 【R3】_That date range isnt far off one given to the body of the “Amesbury Archer,“ whom some archaeologists believe is a key to understanding why Stonehenge was built.Researchers examining his burial s
7、ite found evidence he was wealthy, powerful, and likely a metal worker. He traveled to Stonehenge from Alpine Europe, but we dont know why.【R4 】_The Archers remains were carbon dated to between 2500 BC and 2300 BC.【R5 】_archaeologist and Professor Tim Darvill told the BBC. “These two things happenin
8、g within living memory of each other for sure is something very, very important.“ The researchers also found organic material offering evidence that people lived in the area around Stonehenge as early as 7200 BC. Thats about 3,500 years earlier than previously thought.The 2300 BC date for the site i
9、s about 300 years later than previously suggested for Stonehenges origins. It will be interesting to learn what archaeologists find as they dig deeper into this ancient mystery. What they unlock may teach us a great deal about our early civilization. Its already instructing us now of how much detail
10、 is lost to time of the lives we once lived.Word count: 446A. They carbon-dated 14 pieces at Oxford University. They rounded down their result, between 2400 BC and 2200 BC, to 2300 BC because it was the average. They aim to pinpoint the date more precisely in the coming months.B. “Its quite extraord
11、inary that the date of the Amesbury Archer is identical with our new date for the bluestones of Stonehenge,“C. The researchers think this extraordinary effort signals the stones were believed to have special healing properties.D. Perhaps the very effort of transporting the stones or their exotic nat
12、ure was a statement of ability and power.E. A competing theory argues the site served as kind of a temple.F. His corpse shows signs of having both a serious knee injury and a potentially fatal dental problem. Those ailments, archaeologists posit, caused the Archer to venture to Stonehenge to be heal
13、ed.G. One year after the discovery of the Archer and his companion, and less than a quarter mile away, construction workers laying pipe stumbled on yet another grave from roughly the same period, this one containing the remains of seven individuals, at least four of whom were males, also apparently
14、related and, like the Archer, not native to the area.1 【R1 】2 【R2 】3 【R3 】4 【R4 】5 【R5 】5 In an orchestra, different instruments can play on our emotions. A softly played violin can be as soothing as the steam off of tea. A blast of a trumpet can be as assertive as a father telling a child dont touc
15、h that! The music leads our feelings based on the composers intent for the piece.【R1】 _“If our emotions are a duet played between the self and the environment, then our ability to regulate them keeps us in harmony with the outside world,“ said senior study author Dr. Tor D. Wager of the Department o
16、f Psychology at Columbia University. “Although the failure to successfully regulate emotions is thought to contribute to several psychiatric disorders, we do not fully understand how the brain regions involved interact with one another to orchestrate an emotional response and what makes attempts at
17、regulation less successful in some individuals.“【R2】 _We think the regions in the prefrontal cortext involved in that kind of emotional reappraisal basically help us modulate how we feel in the moment. As a result, like a good tuxedo at a nice restaurant, our emotions get(cognitively)dressed up to f
18、it the occasion.【R3 】_In other words: What we really feel instead of the smile we show to our angry boss.To decipher what is going on, they looked at how activity in the prefrontal cortex mediates our ability to emotionally reappraise an event. Does it do this by affecting areas of our brain that ar
19、e oldest in terms of our evolution? Those areas are central to how we experience and learn from emotions.【R4 】_One that linked with the nucleus accumbens(its related to emotional control)correlated with a greater reduction in negative emotions during reappraisal. The other pathway, linked to the amy
20、gdala(its involved in arousing our emotions and forming long-term memories), correlated with less reappraisal success. There was more negative emotion associated with the second pathway.【R5 】_Dr. Wager said, “Our findings also suggest that the existence of multiple prefrontal-subcortical pathways sh
21、ould be considered when examining how emotion is disregulated in psychiatric disorders.“The findings just add to the marvel that is the complex orchestrations of the brainand how pathways within it can conduct a Bach or a Beethoven of our emotional experiences.Word count: 376A. Scientists have disco
22、vered that a main conductor in the regulation of emotion is our prefrontal cortex, located in the frontal lobe of our brain. Brain imaging shows theres more activity in this area of the brain when people adjust the way they think of an emotional event to alter the impact on their feelings.B. The res
23、earchers for this study were interested in how the prefrontal cortex interacts with nuclei deep in our brains that are key in generating the visceral responses we feel during emotional events.C. Brain researchers report in Neuron this week that they now have a better grasp of how the brain orchestra
24、tes our emotions the way those instruments can. They studied brain pathways that have a role in how we process upsetting events by either enforcing or reducing their emotional impact.D. They found one area of the prefrontal cortex, the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex(vlPFC), was associated wit
25、h less negative feelings during reappraisal of a negative event. Two separate pathways seem to be at work in regulating this emotional reappraisal.E. To examine this potential interaction, Dr. Wager and colleagues developed a novel mechanism that enabled them to identify multiple brain regions that
26、serve as mediators of successful reappraisal and to exa-mine how they are organized into functional networks.F. “These results provide evidence that vlPFC is involved in both the generation and regulation of emotion through different subcortical pathways and indicate that the prefrontal cortex is in
27、volved in both creating and mitigating negative emotion, depending on the contents of thought,“G. The researchers correlated activity in the right vlPFC with reduced negative emotional experience during cognitive reappraisal of aversive images. They went on to use their new mapping strategy to ident
28、ify two separate pathways that linked activity of the vlPFC with regulation of negative emotion during reappraisal.6 【R1 】7 【R2 】8 【R3 】9 【R4 】10 【R5 】10 A researcher from the University of Cincinnati has found a link between tough parents and mean kids. Kids raised by authoritarian parentsdefined a
29、s demanding, directive and unresponsiveare most likely to demonstrate bullying behavior.【R1 】_The foreign research had more data than the U.S. does on bullying behaviors in previous decades. The majority of the studies were done on children between nine and 16.“Children who experience hostility, abu
30、se, physical discipline and other aggressive behaviors by their parents are more likely to model that behavior in their peer relationships,“ she writes.“Children learn from their parents how to behave and interact with others,“ she says.【R2】 _As you might expect, kids raised by nurturing, warm, resp
31、onsive parents were less likely to bully. Those from middle-income families were less likely to intimidate than kids from highand low-income families.Its unlikely boys are bigger bullies than girls. Research suggests it runs equally among the genders, but boys are physically intimidating while girls
32、 resort to verbal abuse.【R3】 _One-fourth of the girls interviewed had matured early, defined as beginning their period one year before the average age for females of their racial and ethnic group. Those who did were more likely to be delinquent, but not aggressive. However, those who matured early a
33、nd also had low levels of parental nurturance, communication and knowledge were more likely to be aggressive.【R4】 _“Parental nurturance may decrease girls susceptibility to negative peer influence,“ the authors of The Archives of Pediatrics calcium-deficient adults risk the progressive loss of bone
34、mass known as osteoporosis, a major cause of fractures in older people. Studies also have linked low calcium intake to an increased risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, and certain cancers.B. To reach the conclusion, Tordoffs team used genetic methods to pinpoint two receptors involved in tas
35、ting calcium.C. Because we share many of our genes with mice, the research suggests people likely also have the taste. And if that can be shown, then there will be practical applications for our health.D. “By comparing the genes of this strain with other strains, we were able to identify the two cal
36、cium taste genes.“E. Tordoff notes that “calcium tastes calciumy. There isnt a better word for it. It is bitter, perhaps even a little sour. But its much more, because there are actual receptors for calcium, not just bitter or sour compounds.“F. A receptor is a molecule. It acts like an airport gate
37、: Its the place on a cell(inside or outside)where a substance docks or binds to the cell. When the substance links to a receptor, we see a particular effect. In the case of calcium, it was a release of signals that indicated the sensation of taste.G. Youll notice the bitter side of calcium in collar
38、d greens, bok choy, kale and bitter melonyoure tasting the high mineral count there. And that may make you turn up your nose at your vegetables.16 【R1 】17 【R2 】18 【R3 】19 【R4 】20 【R5 】考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 132 答案与解析Part B (10 points) 【知识模块】 阅读1 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 本题上文说到了英国 BBC 报道有证据支持一个理论：巨石阵周围的青石岩有治疗疾病的作用。这些石头从
39、那么远的地方运来，自然是应该有特殊用途。研究人员猜测是因为这些石头有特殊的疗效，且下文也提到发现了很多曾生病受伤的人的尸骨。这都在证明研究人员的猜测，故选 C。【知识模块】 阅读2 【正确答案】 E【试题解析】 通过下文的 suggest(建议)和 a memorial and final resting place for the dead(一个死去的人的纪念堂和最终的安息地)可以知道，这段文字的观点同上文所说的“巨石阵是人们治疗身体伤痛疾病的地方”不同，而 E 项“A competing thory”恰恰揭示了另一种观点，与下文相衔接。通过下文中 priests(神父)以及transien
40、ce of life(人生的短暂)这些字眼，可以确定选项 E 的内容最符合原文。【知识模块】 阅读3 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 本题上文说的是考古学家发掘出这些青石岩上掉下的 100 片有机材料。比较剩余的选项，只有选项 A 里也出现了 pieces(片)，而且主语 they 也正好指代了上文的 the archaeologists，不仅很好地承接上文交代了这些有机材料的使用，而且研究结果中提到时间段，与下文 that daterange 相呼应。【知识模块】 阅读4 【正确答案】 F【试题解析】 本题上文讲的是考古学家从发现的一具尸骨判断出 Archer 是来自欧洲阿尔卑斯山地区，但为什
41、么、从哪里来到这里还未知。选项 F 是最佳答案，因为它提出了考古学家推测的他来此地的原因，并且再次提出了上文对巨石阵治疗身体疾病的推测，与上文内容一致。【知识模块】 阅读5 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 本题选择较为容易。首先，此处是引语，选项中只有 B 是加引号的。从内容上判断，上文给出了从 Archer 身上根据碳元素追踪推测的日期，这和对巨石阵形成时期的时间推测基本吻合。这也就是选项 B 中引语的意思。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读6 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 本题上文所讲的内容是不同乐器演奏的音乐会使人们产生不同的情绪，下一段说的是科学家们在试图找到大脑是如何协调人类自身和他
42、们所处的环境而使得人类产生某种情绪的，所以第 1 题的文字应该要能够连接这两部分内容。浏览选项，只有选项 C 里提到了大脑及乐器对情绪的产生的联系 (how the brain orchestrates our emotions the way those instruments can)，很好地连接了上下文。故选 C。【知识模块】 阅读7 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 本题的上文内容是说大脑的某个区域控制着人类的情绪，协调人类自身和环境关系。可大脑不是任何时候都能成功地协调的，于是某些人就出现了精神错乱的情况。可目前科学家们还没有完全弄清楚大脑的这个区域是如何工作的。下文提到了大脑 pref
43、rontal cortext(前额皮质)的区域参与了人类情绪的调节，使得在不同场合呈现不同的状态。而选项中，A 最开始介绍 prefrontalcortext 在人类调节情绪时非常活跃从而引起了科学家的注意，这和下文科学家继续关注这一部分衔接非常自然。故选 A。【知识模块】 阅读8 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 做本题重要的是明白下文 in other words(换句话说)引领的一句话的意思，因为它是对空白文字的解释。我们面对发火的老板，笑脸后面真正的感觉到底是什么(What we really feelinstead of the smile we show to our angry bo
44、ss)，也就是说人们本能的反应和真正表现出来的并不一致。所以，可以推断空白处的内容应该是讲大脑的这部分区域影响了人类原始的、本能的反应。选项中 B 提到了科学家对于在某些场合 prefrontal cortext 如何影响本能反应非常感兴趣，这和下文举例人们面对老板表现出不同反应相一致。故选 B。【知识模块】 阅读9 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 本题有一个很好的提示，因为下文有一个连词短语 onethe other，所以上文中应该会提到 two。明白了这点，便可以做初步的判断，比较剩余选项的末句，只有选项 D 和 G 提到了 Two separate pathways.然后再看内容是否衔接恰
45、当。上文讲的是科学家们要找出人类情绪究竟是如何被影响控制的。选项 D 意思是科学家们发现前额皮质的 vlPFC 部分对人类遇到消极事件时降低负面情绪这种情况起一定作用，所以是两个过程在同时进行。这正好吻合了下文对这两个过程一个降低负面情绪，一个激起负面情绪的解释。故选 D。【知识模块】 阅读10 【正确答案】 F【试题解析】 本题下文提到了 Our findings also suggest，暗指上文有表示“暗示、表明”意思的词或句子。比较剩余的 E、F 、G 选项，E、G 选项都是描述，只有选项 F 里表达了 Dr Wager 对研究结果的看法及进一步的推测，并且选项 F的内容和下文一样都是
46、引语，所以毫无疑问选 F。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读11 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 本题上文提到，一项新的研究表明如果家长比较专制的话，孩子往往会有欺负别人的行为。而空白文字后则介绍了研究本身的情况，包括研究数据的来源、调查对象的年龄段。尤其是下一段提到了一个 she，从内容可以看出应该是指研究者，而之前却没有介绍。于是可以从答案中寻找关于研究人员的信息，不难选出 C 为正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读12 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 上文提到了如果孩子受到父母的责骂、体罚等具有攻击性的对待，那么他们可能会在与同龄人的相处中模仿这些行为。在本段研究者 Elizabeth Sween
47、ey 开始解释原因，因为孩子一直都在以父母的行为为参照，学习如何和人交往。所以空白处文字自然应该是重申孩子受父母的影响会有什么样的行为。这与下文的猜测在比较温和的家庭环境下成长的孩子较少欺负别的孩子是一致的。故答案选 B。【知识模块】 阅读13 【正确答案】 G【试题解析】 文章到此部分开始探讨性别在孩子欺负别人行为上的差异。有研究表明男孩和女孩欺负同龄人的可能性是相同的，只不过男孩更倾向于身体上的欺负(physically intimidating)，女孩更多的表现在言语上(verbal abuse)。而在下一段中一直介绍的都是对有欺负别人行为的女孩的研究，包括她们的共性以及导致这种行为的因
48、素。所以该题的答案应该能承上启下连接这两部分内容，如此分析就可以选出答案为 G，它在首句就开始把话题转移到女孩子欺负别人的问题上来。【知识模块】 阅读14 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 本题的上文介绍了比较早熟并缺乏父母关爱、交流的女孩子行为容易过激。下文则讲家长对孩子的关怀可以降低孩子在青春期早期受到的来自同龄人的负面影响(negative peerinfluence) ，克服这一时期的困难，以及排解负面情绪(diffuse negative emotions)。而这些来自同龄人的负面影响、负面情绪等都是家庭以外的导致女孩子产生欺负他人行为的因素，所以空白处文字应该完成这个过渡。选项 A 提
49、到了年龄稍大的男孩子对这些早熟的女孩子的影响，这也属于外部负面影响，符合该空。故选 A。【知识模块】 阅读15 【正确答案】 E【试题解析】 本空前面的主旨句意思是说父母和女儿们的交流及引导能避免孩子产生过激、欺负别人的行为。下文写的是父母可以帮助女儿们培养比较适合的反应，降低她们采取不恰当的行为的需要(minimize the need for inappropriate behavior)。比较剩余的选项，只有选项 E 切合本段内容，指出家长可以和孩子一起讨论同龄人中可能出现的困难以及解决办法，来达到下面所说的目的。本题的难度不大，因为都是研究者的引语，且前后的话语联系非常紧密，与其他答案混淆性不大。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读16 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 本题上文讲到化学博士 Tordoff 和他的同事在第 236 届美国化学学会会议上声明，他们发现了除酸、甜、苦、辣、咸五味外的另一种味道：钙味。这项研究结果是从对老鼠的研究上得到的。而下文说的是人类对钙的摄人量不足，因为人们不喜欢钙的味道，如果能调整这个味道，那么
