1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 139 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Forty years ago Singapore, now home to the worlds busiest port, was a forlorn outpost still garrisoned by the British. In 1961 South Korea was less indu
2、strialized than the North and dependent on American aid. These countries, and many of their neighbours, have since traded their way out of poverty. Given their success, it is easy to forget that some development economists were once prey to “export fatalism“. Poor countries, they believed, had littl
3、e to gain from venturing into the world market. If they tried to expand their exports, they would thwart each other, driving down the price of their commodities.The financial crisis of the past nine months is stirring a new export fatalism in the minds of some economists. Even after the global econo
4、my recovers, developing countries may find it harder to pursue a policy of “export-led growth“, which served countries like South Korea so well. Under this strategy, sometimes called “export fetishism“ , countries spur sales abroad, often by keeping their currencies cheap. Some save the proceeds in
5、foreign-currency reserves, rather than spending them on imports. This strategy is one reason why the developing worlds current-account surplus exceeded $700 billion in 2008, as measured by the IMF. In the past, these surpluses were offset by American deficits. But America may now rethink the bargain
6、. This imbalance, whereby foreigners sell their goods to America in exchange for its assets, was one potential cause of the countrys financial crisis.If this global bargain does come unstuck, how should developing countries respond? In a new paper, Dani Rodrik of Harvard University offers a novel su
7、ggestion. He argues that developing countries should continue to promote exportables, but no longer promote exports. Whats the difference? An exportable is a good that could be traded across borders, but need not be. Mr Rodriks recommended policies would help countries make more of these exportables
8、, without selling quite so many abroad.Countries grow by shifting labour and investment from traditional activities, where productivity is stagnant, to new industries, which abound in economies of scale or opportunities to assimilate better techniques. These new industries usually make exportable go
9、ods, such as cotton textiles or toys. But whatever the fetishists believe, there is nothing special about the act of exporting itself, Mr. Rodrik argues. For example, companies do not need to venture abroad to feel the bracing sting of international competition. If their products can be traded acros
10、s borders, then foreign rivals can compete with them at home.As countries industrialize and diversify, their exports grow, which sometimes results in a trade surplus. These three things tend to go together. But in a statistical “horse race“ between the threeindustrialization, exports and exports min
11、us importsMr. Rodrik finds that it is the growth of tradable, industrial goods, as a share of GDP, that does most of the work. 1 According to the passage, some development economists hold the idea that（A）foreign aid is the key factor to poor countries economy.（B） world market is not fit to the poor
12、countries.（C） poor countries goods can sell a good price through world market.（D）Singapore and South Koreas success has proved their ideas.2 Due to the financial crisis, developing countries（A）found export fatalism more fit to them.（B） are having problems in export.（C） began to keep their currencies
13、 expensive.（D）became the certain cause of Americas financial crisis.3 It can be inferred from Dani Rodriks new suggestion that developing countries should（A）promote their trade across borders.（B） stimulate their domestic needs.（C） improve their production of exportable goods.（D）advance their selling
14、 abroad.4 It can be inferred from the fourth paragraph that（A）cotton textiles and toys are less exportable goods.（B） traditional activities are full of economies of scale.（C） traditional industries usually make exportable goods.（D）new industries have more chances to accept better techniques.5 Accord
15、ing to the last paragraph, “a statistical horse race“ most probably means（A）a comparison in statistics.（B） a horse competition.（C） an index of sports industry.（D）a race of mathematics.5 In a famous episode of the TV show Seinfeld, a “close talker“ makes others uncomfortable by standing mere centimet
16、ers from their faces while speaking. What makes this invasion of our personal space so uncomfortable? A new study fingers the amygdala, a region of the brain that acts like a warning bell when someone gets too close for comfort.Psychologists have studied personal space since the 1960s. Theyve found
17、that Americans and northern Europeans prefer a larger personal space than southern Europeans, for example, whereas people with autism(a tendency to view life in terms of ones own needs and desires)tend to unknowingly invade others personal space. Studies in monkeys have hinted that the amygdala, an
18、almond-shaped region in the middle of the brain that helps us recognize threats, plays a role in personal space. But the theory proved hard to test in humans.Then, about 15 years ago, neuroscientists at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena met a 42-year-old woman with a rare genetic di
19、sorder that destroyed both sides of her amygdala. In early experiments, the scientists discovered that the woman, referred to as SM, couldnt spot fear in other peoples faces; she also rated people as more trustworthy than an average person did. And she was extremely outgoing, “almost to the point wh
20、ere it isnt normal,“ says team member Daniel Kennedy. Even if shes only just met someone, he says, SM will invade their personal spacetouching their arm as she talks or poking their stomach.In the new study, Kennedy and his colleagues more rigorously tested SMs sense of personal space. They compared
21、 her with 20 healthy subjects in a series of experiments. In one test, an experimenter slowly walked toward a subject until the subject felt uncomfortable and told the experimenter to stop. SM let experimenters get about twice as close as other subjects did, 0. 34 meters versus 0.64 meters, the team
22、 reports online this week in Nature Neuroscience. She even felt fine standing nose to nose with an experimenter.Further experiments revealed why. Kennedy and his colleagues placed eight healthy subjects, one at a time, inside a functional magnetic resonance imaging scanner, which measures brain acti
23、vity. Then an experimenter stood either about 4. 5 meters away from the machine or right next to the machines opening. The subjects amygdalas lit up with significantly more activity when the stranger stood close by. “Our findings support the idea that the amygdala functions as the brakes in social i
24、nteractions,“ Kennedy says. “If you take away the amygdala, it seems like you are less tuned to.social(behaviors)that can cause discomfort. “The study is “a novel piece of research“ that is the first to identify a neural(of a nerve or the nervous system)source of personal space in people, says Richa
25、rd Davidson, a neuroscientist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. “Its also part of a growing series of studies that underscore the importance of the amygdala in human social interactions,“ he says.6 According to the passage, studies in monkeys（A）were made by some psychologists.（B） hinted that
26、the amygdala plays a role in personal space.（C） showed that Americans tend to invade others personal space unknowingly.（D）showed that Americans prefer a larger personal space than northern Europeans.7 The 42-year-old woman mentioned in the third paragraph（A）is more trustworthy than other people.（B）
27、doesnt like stay near others.（C） is not sharp on personal space.（D）is abnormal in mind.8 We can learn from the new study made by Kennedy and his colleagues that SM（A）has no difference to the others.（B） can afford a 0.34 meters personal distance.（C） feels uncomfortable with the 20 healthy people.（D）p
28、refers to standing nose to nose with the others.9 It can be inferred from the fifth paragraph that（A）SM has no brain activity.（B） Kennedy advises people to take away their amygdala.（C） people without amygdala tend to have more discomfort.（D）personal space influences healthy subjects brain activities
29、.10 The word “novel“(Line 1, Para.6)most probably means（A）believable.（B） false.（C） original.（D）common.10 Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nyes new book. Mr. Nye, a former dean of the Kennedy School of Government a
30、t Harvard and one-time chairman of Americas National Intelligence Council, is best known for promoting the idea of “soft power“ , based on persuasion and influence, as a counterpoint to “hard power“, based on coercion and force.Having analysed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy
31、 in his previous books, he has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership, in both the political and business spheres. Machiavelli, he notes, concluded that “one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to b
32、e feared than loved. “ In short, hard power is preferable to soft power. But modern leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion.The context of leadership is changing, they observe, and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated. In modern companies and democracies, powe
33、r is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies are being undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion, Mr. Nye argues. Instead, he advocates a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Powers to Lead, h
34、is survey of the theory of leadership, is that a combination of hard and soft power, which he calls “smart power“, is the best approach.The dominant theoretical model of leadership at the moment is, apparently, the “neochar-ismatic and transformational leadership paradigm“. Anyone allergic to manage
35、ment jargon will already be running for the exit, but Mr. Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarising the various academic studies and theories of leadership into a single, slim volume. He examines different approaches to leadership, the morality of leadership and how the wid
36、er context can determine the effectiveness of a particular leader. There are plenty of anecdotes and examples, both historical and contemporary, political and corporate.Alas, leadership is a slippery subject, and as he rehearses the pros and cons of various theories, even Mr. Nye never quite nails t
37、he jelly to the wall. He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadershipin particular, the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lieand he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions. A recurring theme is that as circumstances change,
38、 different sorts of leaders are required; a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another, and vice versa. Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadership offers no easy answers.11 According to the first three paragraphs, Mr. Nye（A）is now the dean of the Kennedy School
39、of Government at Harvard.（B） believes that it is much safer to be feared than loved.（C） argues that coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion.（D）concludes that “smart power“ is the best choice for leaders.12 We can infer from the last two paragraphs that Mr. Nye（A）establishes the dominant t
40、heoretical model of leadership.（B） does not like the dominant theoretical model of leadership.（C） summarizes different approaches to leadership.（D）believes it is necessary for good leaders to lie.13 The sentence “Mr. Nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall. “(Line 2, Para. 5)most probably means（
41、A）Mr. Nye doesnt like the jelly.（B） Mr. Nye is excited to finish his new book.（C） Mr. Nye believes there is something wrong with his wall.（D）Mr. Nye does not make a conclusion.14 According to the passage, Machiavelli（A）is the author of the book The Powers to Lead.（B） promotes the idea of “soft power
42、“.（C） believes hard power is preferable to soft power.（D）is one of the most important modern leadership theorists.15 Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?（A）Joseph Nye and Machiavelli（B） Secrets of Leadership（C） Soft Power and Hard Power（D）What Is Smart Power?15 In 2007 a F
43、rench food company wanted to buy a family-owned firm in India. The patriarch was 72, and the French firm wanted to send someone of similar experience to talk to him. But because of its youthful corporate culturemost people are pushed out of the door in their mid-40sit had no one to send. ln the end,
44、 through Experconnect, an employment agency in Paris which places retired people, it found a 58-year-old former head of a European consumer-goods firm, and sent him out to Mumbai.France has a poor record when it comes to keeping older people in the workforce. The retirement age is 60, not 65 as in m
45、ost developed countries. In 2005 only 37. 8% of people aged 55-64 had jobs, versus 56.8% in Britain and 44.9% in Germany. The main reason is that in the 1980s, when there was high unemployment, the government promoted early retirement. That entrenched the idea that older workers were less productive
46、, says Caroline Young, Experconnects founder.Now companies are worried about losing their most skilled workers, especially as the baby-boom generation nears retirement. Areva, a nuclear-power group, recently launched a scheme to address the needs of older employees, and plans to use about 100 retire
47、d people a year through Experconnect. Because nuclear power was unpopular for decades, Areva stopped training engineers, so that much of its expertise lies with its oldest staff. Now it is taking much more interest in them. “We have to bring about a revolution in opinion,“ says Jean Cassingena, its
48、human-resources strategist.Unlike other recruitment agencies, Experconnect keeps its workers on its own books, so they can carry on drawing their pensions. They tend to work part-time on one-off projects. Engineers and people with high levels of technical skill are most in demand in France, says Ms
49、Young, as younger people increasingly choose to go into fields such as marketing. Thales, a defence and aerospace firm, is using a former radar expert, for instance, and Louis Berger France, an engineering firm, often uses retired engineers to manage big infrastructure projects.Softer industries also make use of Experconnect. Danone, a food firm, hires people for one-off management roles. “Older people have seen it all and they are level-headed,“ says Thomas Kunz, its head of beverages. The beauty industry is short of toxicologists to determine whethe
