1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 141 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Whether mobile phones can cause cancer remains an open question. But they are also accused by some of causing pain. A growing number of people around th
2、e world claim to be “electrosensitive“, in other words physically responsive to the electromagnetic fields that surround phones and the other electronic devices that disorder the modern world. Indeed, at least one country, Sweden, has recognized such sensitivity as a disability, and will pay for the
3、 dwellings of sufferers to be screened from the worlds electronic smog.The problem is that, time and again, studies of those claiming to be electrosensitive show their ability to determine whether they are being exposed to a real electric field or a sham one is no better than chance. So, unless they
4、 are lying about their symptoms, the cause of those symptoms needs to be sought elsewhere.Michael Landgrebe and Ulrich Frick, of the University of Regensburg, in Germany, think that the “elsewhere“ in question is in the brain and, in a paper presented recently to the Royal Society in London, they de
5、scribe an experiment which, they think, proves their point.Dr Landgrebe and Dr Frick used a body scanner called a functional magnetic-resonance imager to see how peoples brains react to two different kinds of stimulus. Thirty participants, half of whom described themselves as electrosensitive, were
6、put in the imager and told that they would undergo a series of trials in which they would be exposed either to an active mobile phone or to a heating device called a thermode, whose temperature would be varied between the trials. The thermode was real. The mobile phone, however, was a dummy.The type
7、 of stimulus, be it the authentic heat source or the sham electromagnetic radiation, was announced before each exposure and the volunteers were asked to rate its unpleasantness on a five-point scale. In the case of heat, the two groups descriptions of their experiences were comparable. So, too, was
8、their brain activity. However, when it came to the sham-phone exposure, only the electrosensitives described any sensationswhich ranged from prickling to pain. Moreover, they showed neural activity to match.This suggests that electrosensitivity, rather than being a response to electromagnetic stimul
9、us, is similar to well-known psychosomatic disorders such as some sorts of tinnitus and chronic pain. A psychosomatic disorder is one in which the symptoms are real, but are induced by cognitive functions such as attitudes, beliefs and expectations rather than by direct external stimuli.The paradoxi
10、cal point of Dr Landgrebes and Dr Fricks experiment is that mobile phones do indeed inflict real suffering on some unfortunate individuals. It is just that the electromagnetic radiation they emit has nothing whatsoever to do with it.1 According to the first paragraph, Sweden（A）has recognised electro
11、sensitivity as a disability.（B） has too many mobile phones.（C） has too many people claiming to be “electrosensitive“.（D）has a serious problem of electronic smog.2 The phrase “no better than chance“(Line 3, Para.2)most probably means（A）quite successful.（B） based on facts.（C） correct only by luck.（D）w
12、rong.3 In the experiment of Dr. Landgrebe and Dr. Frick,（A）thirty participants described themselves as electrosensitive.（B） the temperature would remain the same between the trials.（C） the thermode was sham.（D）the mobile phone was sham.4 According to Dr. Landgrebe and Dr. Frick, electrosensitive（A）i
13、s a response to electromagnetic stimulus.（B） does not have real symptoms.（C） is induced by cognitive functions.（D）is induced by direct external stimuli.5 According to this passage, the experiment of Dr. Landgrebe and Dr. Frick（A）has great scientific value.（B） proves mobile phones can cause cancer.（C
14、） does not successfully prove the point of Dr. Landgrebe and Dr. Frick.（D）shows that those who claim to be electrosensitive are lying about their symptoms.5 Less than a decade ago Japanese banks were the sick men of global finance. Today they are bouncing back. Having rebuilt their balance sheets, J
15、apans financial institutions are rich in cash while their foreign peers are helpless and in debt. And unusually for sumo-sized, bureaucratic Japanese firms, they are moving fast.On September 22nd Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group(MUFG), Japans biggest bank, agreed to pay about $8.4 billion for up to 20
16、% of Morgan Stanley. The Japanese will have at least one seat on the board. In August MUFG also spent about $3.5 billion on the 35% of Union-BanCal, a bank based in San Francisco, that it did not already own.Meanwhile Nomura, Japans biggest broker, bought the Asian, European and Middle Eastern divis
17、ions of Lehman Brothers, the collapsed Wall Street bankthough not its trading assets or liabilities. The Asia-Pacific business, which employs 3,000 people in ten territories, cost Nomura $225m. The European and Middle East equities and investment-banking operations have 2,500 staff in around ten cou
18、ntries. Kenichi Watanabe, Nomuras new and atypically young(ie, 55-year-old)boss, called the deals “a once-in-a-generation opportunity“.Other institutions are also looking abroad. Earlier this year Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group(SMFG)and Mizuho, the other two big banks, invested about $1 billion in
19、Barclays and Merrill Lynch, respectively. Before Warren Buffetts show of support, SMFG had considered putting fresh cash into Goldman Sachs, an old friend: since the 1980s the two groups have often helped each other through hard times.Both MUFG and Nomura are giants at home but pygmies abroad, for l
20、ack of human capital rather than the more tangible stuff. Both hope the purchases will provide badly needed expertise in advising on international mergers and acquisitions, and equity underwriting.But Nomura faces huge difficulties in managing two vastly different corporate cultures: Japanese salary
21、man and American psycho. Japanese companies prize loyalty and seniority, and pay is more or less egalitarian. By contrast, Americans are unafraid to change jobs, value youth at least as much as experience, and pay big salaries supposedly based on merit. Keeping staff the most important asset in bank
22、ing after moneywill be hard. Welding together the IT systems will be, too.There are also strategic concerns. In the booming 1980s Japanese banks gobbled up American ones at inflated prices, and then sold at a loss. Now their acquisitions may look cheaper, but they are buying into an industry in trou
23、ble. Profits could be thin for years, tighter regulation looms, leverage is a dirty word and fears of recession are growing around the world.6 According to Paragraph 1, compared with Japanese banks, the foreign ones are（A）in rich fresh cash.（B） in rich cash but helpless.（C） in debt and helpless.（D）l
24、arge-sized and bureaucratic.7 We can infer from Paragraph 4 that（A）Mizuho and SMFG invested about $1 billion in Barclays.（B） SMFG invested about $1 billion in Merrill Lynch.（C） SMFG put fresh cash into Goldman Sachs to help it.（D）Warren Buffetts support helped Goldman Sachs.8 The reason for Japanese
25、 giants MUFG and Nomura being pygmies abroad is（A）they are in lack of tangible resources.（B） they are in lack of human resources.（C） they dont have much connection with overseas peers.（D）there are different corporate cultures at home and abroad.9 Which of the following statements is true according t
26、o the passage?（A）Nomura bought the Asian, European and African divisions of Lehman Brothers, the collapsed Wall Street bank.（B） Before Warren Buffetts show of support, SMFG put fresh cash into Goldman Sachs, an old friend.（C） As financial pygmies abroad, MUFG and Nomura do not lack the tangible stuf
27、f but human capital.（D）Japanese banks purchasing American ones this time might result in similar failure as whats in 1980s.10 According to the passage, people hold their view that the economy in the future will be（A）promising.（B） destructive.（C） flat.（D）satisfactory.10 At the end of his workday in s
28、teamy midtown Manhattan, Joel Terry craves relaxing outdoors. But these days, instead of starting his hour-long commute home to the mellow shore town of Long Branch, New Jersey, Terry stops at an unlikely source of nature: downtown Manhattan.There, he boards a sailboat and is soon tacking against th
29、e winds of New York Harbor. Terry, 37, who works in retail finance, is a newly minted member of the Manhattan Sailing Club, one of an increasing number of community sailing clubs across the country. Dozens of its sailboats sit in the North Cove marina, bobbing among mega-yachts near the World Financ
30、ial Center. But sailing these days doesnt have to mean blue blazers, clubhouse dining rooms, and strict rules of etiquette. Next to multimillion-dollar yachts, and in the shadow of shiny towers housing financial giants Goldman Sachs and American Express, members socialize on plastic lawn chairs whil
31、e drinking beers.“Sailing has had the reputation of being an expensive, elitist sport, but it really isnt,“ says Jack Gierhart, executive director of U. S. Sailing, the governing body for the sport. With more than 550 community sailing programs across the United States, these open-to-the-public and
32、mostly nonprofit clubs account for the recent revival of a pastime whose popularity has declined since its heyday in the 1970s and 80s, when sailing was an elegant alternative to motorized boats during the energy crisis. The number of these organizations has risen 10 percent over the past three year
33、s, according to Gierhart.The pastime has also suffered what could be described as a branding problem. “Sailing has traditionally been portrayed as being just for rich white people, and yachting has such a snooty reputation,“ says Charlie Nobles, executive director of the American Sailing Association
34、, which certifies instructors and students. “The average age of yacht-club members 10 years ago was 50. Now its 60. Theyre not getting replacement members. The challenge we have today is how to get youth interested. “To that point, a less formal atmosphere and social friendship are big selling point
35、s for these sailing clubs, especially in young professional Manhattan. The Manhattan Sailing Club hosts “full moon“ parties on the floating bar it runs next to the Statue of Liberty, where members have a view of the new One World Trade Center on one side and New Jersey sunsets on the other. In the w
36、inter, it organizes annual trips where members can island-hop in the Caribbean.While promoting the social side of sailing may be the key to attracting people to the sport, the appeal of speeding along the open water tugs at something more fundamental. “ Its an amazing feeling, using the wind and tid
37、e to propel your boat forward,“ says Terry. “It clears your mind, and youre just in that moment. “11 For Joel Terry, sailing is more likely to be（A）a good way to relax himself.（B） a chance to be close to nature.（C） a door to join the higher-class.（D）a sport to make him fit and healthy.12 Which of th
38、e following can be a good illustration of Jack Gierharts words on the reputation of sailing?（A）Strict rules of social behavior.（B） Location of the sailing clubs.（C） Plastic lawn chairs and beers.（D）The profit of the clubs.13 According to Charlie Nobles, the sailing clubs should（A）emphasize the energ
39、y-saving characteristic of the sport.（B） be aware of the risk elderly people may take in the sport.（C） make sure the staffs are all qualified and certified.（D）take effort to lower the average age of their members.14 The parties and trips the Manhattan Sailing Club hosts aim to（A）provide the members
40、with field training.（B） offer the members a chance to enjoy the sports.（C） form a casual social atmosphere among the members.（D）give the elderly members a different experience.15 Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?（A）Not-So-Exclusive Sailing Clubs（B） Sailing, a New Upbeat
41、 Sport（C） Recreations of Manhattan Young Elites（D）Sailing, an Elegant Alternative15 Everyone agrees that innovation is key to solving the many challenges we face as a country, from health care to education to the environment, and is fundamental to restoring economic growth and prosperity. But I woul
42、d put it a slightly different way. We must find a way to rebuild the “ innovation infrastructure“ in this country.The problem is not that Americans arent as inherently innovative as everwe are. And the level of interest among Americans in the process of innovationdetermining the best recipes to make
43、 it happenhas been skyrocketing over the past few years. For example, the number of times the word “innovation“ appeared in Google news stories has increased by approximately a factor of five from Obamas inauguration to today. Google the term “innovation“ and youll get 342 million hits, approximatel
44、y half the 676 million hits that “Obama“ generates. And according to hashtags. org, innovate is trending about the same rate as deficit.Our problem is that the system is failing our citizens. The “seed corn“ of innovationcreative ideas, fundamental discoveries, and novel inventionsis no longer being
45、 generated in this country at nearly the rate it was before. Viable “seed corn“ requires an innovation infrastructure in which bright minds are provided the resources and freedom to create and invent according to their passions and curiosities, to take bold risks, and even to fail. Such an innovatio
46、n infrastructure thrived in the U.S. in the late 20th century as a synergistic collaboration among the institutions of academia, government, and industry. It led to the innovations that put Americans on the moon, and to the personal computer, the Internet, and the era of genomic medicine.Tragically,
47、 in the 21st century our innovation infrastructure is completely broken. The willingness to take risks and a longer-term view has virtually disappeared from our institutions. Large corporations, driven by quarterly earnings and Wall Street, have almost completely shuttered their basic, longer-term r
48、esearch programs. Bright young academic researchers have learned to take the safe route in their proposals for funding by government agencies, knowing that truly radical and risky ideas are unlikely to be approved by a panel of peer reviewers. And despite the current wave of enthusiasm in Silicon Va
49、lley over the latest set of Internet IPOs, venture capitalists are no longer willing to take the long-shot risks they took in the past.So, as the presidential contest begins to heat up, here is the message to both parties. Americans are ready and willing to embrace the goal of once again leading the world in innovation. This could be the moon shot for the next decade that unifies our country. However, we are at a tremendous disadvantage unless the innovation infrastructure of this country is rebuilt. This requires a new collaboration among government,
