1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 153 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 The lower house of Australias Parliament passed sweeping changes in immigration policy on Wednesday that are meant to discouragedeter asylum seekers who
2、 try to reach the country by the thousands each year on rickety, overcrowded ships and boats.In a major reversal, the measures would reopen a chain of offshore detention centers that human rights groups have criticized as inhumane and possibly illegal. The Labor government of Prime Minister Julia Gi
3、llard largely abandoned use of the detention centers when it came to power in 2007.The measures passed the lower house with the backing of both the governing party and the opposition coalition, with only two lawmakers voting against them, and the upper house is expected to approve them this week. Bu
4、t the debate was emotional and contentious, descending at times into a shouting match.“This is not the end of the efforts to deal with what is the very, very, very, very pernicious trade of people smuggling, which trades on peoples lives and gives people the expectation that in return for very signi
5、ficant sums of money they can be brought to Australia for passage,“ Chris Bowen, the immigration minister, told the lower house.Though the opposition coalition voted for the measure, it seemed determined to score as many political points as possible from Labors change of course. Many Labor members l
6、eft the floor in protest as their rivals excoriated the government. The opposition leader, Tony Abbott, demanded a formal apology from Ms. Gillard for Labors previous policy, which he said encouraged risky attempts to reach Australia.“After, tragically, almost 1,000 deaths at sea and after $4.7 bill
7、ion has been blown because of the governments border protection failures, the prime minister has finally seen the sense of what the opposition has been proposing all along,“ Mr. Abbott said, adding, “ This governments failures gave the people smugglers a business model. “Australia has tried for year
8、s to find a policy that will deter would-be immigrants from trying to make the 220-mile crossing from Java to Christmas Island, a remote spot in the Indian Ocean that is Australias closest point to Indonesia. More than 600 migrants bound for Australia have died in accidents at sea since 2009.Domesti
9、c and international human rights groups have condemned the practice of detaining the asylum seekers for long periods in camps overseas while their cases are processed, saying that the practice is cruel and violates Australias obligations under the United Nations refugee convention.David Manne, a pro
10、minent human rights lawyer who succeeded in blocking a proposal last year to process migrants in Malaysia, called the new legislation the product of “interminable political jousting to see who has the harshest policies for dealing with these people. “ “Really, all that deterrence policies like this
11、do is sweep vulnerable people from our doorstep to dangers elsewhere,“ he said before the vote in Parliament.1 Why is the change in Australias immigration policy called a reversal?（A）Because the new policy can change the present trend of human smuggling.（B） Because it is backed with both the governm
12、ent and the opposition coalition.（C） Because it includes the reuse of some measures that were abandoned before.（D）Because it has caused the accusation of many human rights groups.2 The word “pernicious“(Line 1, Para.4)probably means（A）profitable.（B） illegal.（C） continual.（D）destructive.3 It can be i
13、nferred from the passage that the opposition coalition（A）believed that the governments new policy made sense.（B） doubted the real effect of the governments new immigration policy.（C） accused the Labor government of failing in dealing with people smuggling.（D）were forced to vote for the governments n
14、ew immigration policy.4 According to the passage, the Christmas Island is（A）one of Australian islands lying in the Indian Ocean.（B） 220 miles away from the mainland of Australia.（C） the port where people can easily get into Australia.（D）Australias nearest spot to the country of Java.5 We can learn f
15、rom the passage that David Manne（A）thinks the policy is the harshest one ever approved.（B） believes the policy will influence the political situation.（C） voted against the new legislation in the Parliament.（D）thinks the policy is unlikely to help those vulnerable people.5 “I wouldnt be here today if
16、 not for the generosity of strangers,“ said Michael Moritz, while announcing a major donation to Oxford University. A former Time magazine reporter, Mr. Moritz left journalism to become one of the most successful venture capitalists in Silicon Valley. Through Sequoia Capital, the firm he joined in 1
17、986 and has led for many years, Mr. Moritz was an early investor in Google, Yahoo, PayPal and Linkedln. His personal fortune is estimated at well over $ 1 billion. Oxford University announced last Wednesday that he and his wife, the novelist Harriet Heyman, donated 75 million, or $115 million, to fu
18、nd a new scholarship program aimed at providing financial aid to students from low-income backgrounds. Behind the headlines about the size of the gift was a family story of immigration, education and a sense of obligation that transcended generations.“I grew up in Cardiff, went to an ordinary compre
19、hensive school, and was the only pupil in my year to go to Oxbridge,“ Mr. Moritz explained. “My father was plucked as a teenager from Nazi Germany and was able to attend a very good school in London on a scholarship. “ In an interview afterward, Mr. Moritz said that his father, Alfred, had grown up
20、in Munich, where his father was a judge who lost his post when the Nazis came to power. Mr. Moritzs mother, Doris, was part of the Kindertransport, a rescue effort that took about 9,300 unaccompanied, mostly Jewish children from Germany, Austria, Poland and Czechoslovakia to Britain shortly before t
21、he outbreak of World War II. “My fathers cousin, Fritz Ursell, was also rescued from terrible circumstances. When he came to Britain, he also benefited from scholarships, and grew up to become a member of the Royal Society,“ said Mr. Moritz.“It is all too easy not to remember,“ said Mr. Moritz, who
22、was a history major and the editor of Oxfords student literary magazine, as an undergraduate before completing an M. B. A. at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. In May, Mr. Mortiz announced that he had been diagnosed with a rare medical condition which is incurable. But he preferr
23、ed not to name the disease. “I wanted to be open with my partners and with the public. But I didnt want every ghoul on the Internet following me. “Charlotte Anderson, a second-year student studying German at Oxford and the first person in her family to go to a university, said that anxiety about tak
24、ing on debt had nearly kept her from accepting the offer from the school. “Its great to think that future students who follow me can do so without the fear that I went through,“ she said while attending the news conference. Asked whether the universitys campaign to finance student scholarships throu
25、gh private donations rather than government funding meant that Oxford was giving up efforts to secure more public support, the universitys chancellor, Chris Patten, a former Conservative minister to Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher and John Major, joked that he was “no longer allowed to have any po
26、litical views.“6 According to the passage, Mr. Moritz（A）wanted to do something to repay the help he had once received.（B） graduated from Oxford University with a MBA degree in 1986.（C） showed his interest and talent in venture capitalism as a journalist.（D）bought early stocks of Google, Yahoo, PayPa
27、l and Linkedln.7 It can be inferred from the passage that the family background of Mr. Moritz（A）gave him the motive to study hard to be successful.（B） showed how scholarship changed his family members life.（C） illustrated that his family emphasized on education very much.（D）proved that immigration f
28、amily can also make great achievements.8 The word “ghoul“(Line 6, Para.3)most probably means（A）a person with an unnaturally strong interest in unpleasant things.（B） an independent journalist or reporter who sells news to websites.（C） a latest news item that released exclusively on the Internet.（D）an
29、 online link that directs people to the most heated issue.9 What is the authors attitude towards the universitys collecting private donations?（A）Indifferent.（B） Objective.（C） Suspicious.（D）Supportive.10 What is the main idea of the passage?（A）An Oxford graduate who wants to help.（B） How education ca
30、n change a persons life.（C） An immigration familys story of success.（D）A large amount of private donation to Oxford.10 What do you do when a charismatic marine mammal is wreaking havoc by gorging on a threatened species that humans also find delicious? Thats the awkward problem faced by wildlife man
31、agers along the Columbia River in Washington and Oregon states, where sea lions have been congregating for the past decade to feast on salmon waiting to climb the fish ladders at the base of the Bonneville Dam on their spring voyage upriver to spawn.To protect the Chinook salmon and steelhead in the
32、 river, some of which are listed as threatened populations, in 2008 the states of Washington and Oregon obtained permission from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Silver Spring, Maryland, to kill California sea lions(which are normally protected)seen feeding repeatedly at the da
33、m, after attempts to frighten the animals away proved ineffective.In response, the Humane Society of the United States, based in Washington DC, and others filed a lawsuit to stop the practice and their legal challenges have continued. A US district court in Portland, Oregon, is expected to hear full
34、 arguments for a final ruling in the next few weeks. In the meantime, more than 40 California sea lions have been killed and 11 transferred to aquaria and zoos.Survey data collected by the US Army Corps of Engineers during the years of the killing show that numbers of California sea lions are decrea
35、sing at the dam, along with the amount of salmon they eat. The corps and others attribute this to the removal program.But the killing may have been too successful. Last year, the larger Steller sea lions, which arrived in earnest at the dam in 2005 and have returned in greater numbers each year, out
36、numbered California sea lions for the first time and ate fully half of the predated salmon.The problem with this shift is that Steller sea lions are themselves listed as a threatened species, meaning that hazingdisturbing them with, for example, rubber bulletsis the only option for dealing with them
37、.A key issue is exactly how much the sea lions are affecting the salmon, particularly the species that are listed as threatened. This is a difficult question to answer. Yet the Humane Society says that the killing focuses on the wrong problemsea lionsinstead of reducing the allowable fishing catch,
38、improving habitat, and reducing losses from hydropower, which it maintains are greater threats to the fish.11 Why do salmon appear at the base of the Bonneville Dam?（A）Because they are bred there.（B） Because they need swim upstream to multiply.（C） Because they were brought there by flood.（D）Because
39、people farm salmon in this river for its delicious taste.12 What was the result of the 2008 California sea lions removal program?（A）Another kind of sea lions came and caused more harm to salmon.（B） The killing of the California sea lions solved the problem satisfactorily.（C） The program was opposed
40、by all the people in the U. S.（D）The number of the salmon greatly increased.13 The word “hazing“(Line 2, Para.6)probably means（A）shooting them with rubber bullets.（B） driving them away.（C） gathering and catching them.（D）threatening them away.14 Why cannot Steller lions be removed the same way as the
41、 California lions?（A）Because they themselves are endangered animals.（B） Because they are so large that the removal program does not apply to them.（C） Because they pose threats to human.（D）Because they are of large quantity.15 According to the passage, what is most important in solving this awkward p
42、roblem?（A）Reducing the number of the sea lions.（B） Recognizing whether the sea lions are the main threats to the salmon.（C） Banning the catch of the fish in the Columbia River.（D）Forming a good habit of catching fish.15 Tens of thousands of years ago modern humans crossed paths with the group of hom
43、inins known as the Neandertals. Researchers now think they also met another, less-known group called the Denisovans. The only trace that we have found, however, is a single finger bone and two teeth, but those fragments have been enough to cradle packets of Denisovan DNA across thousands of years in
44、side a Siberian cave. Now a team of scientists has been able to reconstruct their entire genome from these deficient fragments. The analysis adds new twists to prevailing notions about ancient human history.“Denisova is a big surprise,“ says John Hawks, a biological anthropologist at the University
45、of Wisconsin-Madison who was not involved in the new research. On its own, a simple finger bone in a cave would have been assumed to belong to a human, Neandertal or other hominin. But when researchers first sequenced a small section of DNA in 2010a section that covered about 1.9 percent of the geno
46、methey were able to tell that the specimen was neither. “ It was the first time a new group of distinct humans was discovered“ via genetic analysis rather than by anatomical description, said Svante paabo, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute(M. P. I.)for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany, in
47、 a conference call with reporters.Now paabo and his colleagues have devised a new method of genetic analysis that allowed them to reconstruct the entire Denisovan genome with nearly all of the genome sequenced approximately 30 times over akin to what we can do for modern humans. Within this genome,
48、researchers have found clues into not only this group of mysterious hominins, but also our own evolutionary past. Denisovans appear to have been more closely related to Neandertals than to humans, but the evidence also suggests that Denisovans and humans interbred. The new analysis also suggests new
49、 ways that early humans may have spread across the globe.Unfortunately, the Denisovan genome doesnt provide many more clues about what this hominin looked like than a pinky bone does. The researchers will only conclude that Denisovans likely had dark skin. They also note that there are alleles “consistent“ with those known to call for brown hair and brown eyes. Other than that, they cannot say.Yet the new genetic analysis does support the hypothesis that Neandertals and Denisovans were more closely related to one another than either was to modern h
