1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 160 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Yale University President Richard Levin has announced that at the end of the school year, his twentieth at the helm of Yale University, he will step dow
2、n. The New York Times coverage outlined his achievements:Under his presidency, the university has greatly expanded its academic facilities, including new quarters for science and medicine and a new business school campus; has overhauled its buildings, including all 12 undergraduate residential colle
3、ges; has started construction of two residential colleges to make room for the first major expansion in undergraduate enrollment in decades; and has embarked on new programs overseas. “Ricks presidency hasnt been revolutionary,“ said Anthony Kronman, a former law school dean. “Its been a steady, per
4、sistent accumulation that, I would say, add up to a massive set of achievements. “【R1】_Levin has certainly between a master fundraiser, and he has increased the quantity and quality of university facilities that had deteriorated after many years of deferred maintenance. 【R2】_When it comes to intelle
5、ctual leadership, however, Levins epitaph should not be so sunny.First, Levin has presided over a contraction in the embrace of free speech. In 2012, the university came in fifth on a list of the top 12 university violators of free speech. Compromises inherent in Yales overseas branch in Singapore a
6、re only the latest in a series neatly summarized by recent Yale graduate Shaun Tan. 【R3】_Levin has also presided over an increase in punishment for controversial and offensive speech, such as some students crude ridicule of the university Womens Center.Infantilizing students has been an even greater
7、 and more deleterious Levin legacy. Rather than let students sink or swim on their own merits and excel on their own initiative, Levin has built a formidable support structure to coddle students at almost every level.【R4】_ The infantilizing has expanded into the extra-curricular and even off-campus
8、spheres.Eviscerating donor intent is a third Levin legacy.【R5 】_Never mind that Levins salary has continued to increase, even as funds for student opportunities have been cut. No longer will top Classics majors, for example, be able to study in Greece because their funding has been cut to less than
9、that of roundtrip airfare, a move meant to demonstrate fairness to other groups like sociology majors, whose alumni hadnt given equal amounts to enable such scholarships.Universities have become a big business. If Levin is judged just by the financial balance sheet, then perhaps he succeeded. If he
10、is judged, however, by the inculcation of liberty, individual responsibility, and a willingness to stand up for intellectual principle, than, alas, he has failed.ATheres nothing wrong, of course, with providing tutoring services for those who require and request it, but monitoring a student progress
11、 at every level to blur the distinction between hard word and entitlement does both students and employers a disservice.BDr. Levins administration has increased Yales endowment faster than those of its peers, despite heavy capital spending; as of mid-2011, it stood at $19.4 billion, second only to H
12、arvards.CLawyers might explain university actions in terms of the concept of in loco parents, the idea that the university is legally required to act in place of parents to protect students.DHe has also improved relations with both the city of New Haven and the local unions, largely by giving into t
13、heir demands, in a sense another type of deferred maintenance.EWhile bureaucratic logic can explain the requirement for student organizations to register their activity, big brother management runs roughshod over student initiative and increasingly inculcates students to the idea that they must alwa
14、ys rely on larger government structures.FLevin also presided over unprecedented editorial interference in the Yale University Press to prevent publication of cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad in an academic work about the controversial cartoons.GLevin has capped student prizes and awards to equalize
15、them across departments, diverting any excess into the universitys general fund.1 【R1 】2 【R2 】3 【R3 】4 【R4 】5 【R5 】Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 5 Its easy to think of the highly self-disciplined as being mise
16、rable misers or uptight Puritans, but it turns out that exerting self-control can make you happier not only in the long run, but also in the moment.【F1】The research, which was published in the Journal of Personality , showed that self-control isnt just about deprivation, but more about managing conf
17、licting goals. Since most people associate highly disciplined folks with being more task-orientedtheyre not likely to be the life of the party, for example, or eager to act on a whimthe scientists decided to correlate self-control with peoples happiness, to determine if being self-disciplined leaves
18、 people feeling less joyful.【F2】They carried out a series of tests, including one that assessed 414 middle-aged participants on self-control and asked them about their life satisfaction both currently and in the past, and another that randomly queried volunteers on their smartphones about their mood
19、 and any desires they might be experiencing. Through the tests, the researchers found a strong connection between higher levels of self-control and life satisfaction.The smartphone experiment also revealed how self-control may improve mood. Those who showed the greatest self-control reported more go
20、od moods and fewer bad ones. But this didnt appear to be linked to being more able to resist temptationsit was because they exposed themselves to fewer situations that might evoke craving in the first place. They were, in essence, setting themselves up to happy.【F3】That became clear in the studys la
21、st experiment, which investigated how self-control affects the way people handle goals that conflict with one another. In particular, the researchers were interested in how self-disciplined and less-disciplined people differed when it came to choosing among “virtues“ or “vices“like the pleasure of e
22、ating a sugar cookie vs. the pain of gaining weight.【F4 】More than 230 participants were asked to list three important goal conflicts they experienced regularlyand then to rate how strongly the goals conflicted and how frequently they experienced the conflict. They were also queried on how they mana
23、ged to balance the goals.The highly self-controlled showed a distinct difference from those with less discipline over their lives.【F5 】They tended to avoid creating situations in which their goals would conflict, and reported fewer instances of having to choose between short-term pleasure and long-t
24、erm pain. The result? They experienced fewer negative emotions.Its a very interesting study. The authors address some of the most important questions in life: What leads to happiness and how can we achieve a life well lived? The answer, it seems, lies in being a good manager. Self-control, for one,
25、may not consist so much of being better at resisting temptation, but at finding better ways to avoid it. “High self-control does make you happy,“ the authors conclude.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 The jack-o-lanterns are still on the stoop, but already were seeing prices for holiday ornaments sl
26、ashed in half at J. C. Penney and pricey toys at Wal-Mart marked down to $10 a pop. Home Depot skipped Halloween altogether, piling up Christmas trees by early October.【F1】Retailers always engage in some Christmas calculus to get you to loosen your wallet during the holiday season, but this year it
27、feels a little more desperate. Stores are starting their promotions earlier in the hopes of luring in customers quickly to spend moneybefore theyre tapped out or the markdowns get any steeper. Black Friday, the Friday after Thanksgiving, is the traditional kick-off of the holiday shopping frenzy, an
28、d it will still be the biggest sales generator of the season. But dont sweat it if you cant shop that day.【F2】One reason for the earlier discounts; a shorter window to shop. Black Friday falls on November 28th this year, the latest date possible. That means five fewer shopping days between Thanksgiv
29、ing and Christmas than last year.The key for retailers will be managing inventory smartly.【F3 】The economy has been braking for months, so many stores have already adjusted inventories accordingly. Still, no one predicted a Wall Street implosion right before Santa Claus arrival.【F4】So far, Sears, wh
30、ich has been struggling, is leading the promotional pack, announcing 450 door busters, or specially priced items, from 5 a. m. to 11 a. m. on Black Friday. Although Wal-Mart already marked down 10 toys to $10, from butterfly-winged Barbie Mariposa to Fur Real Newborn Animals, its full Black Friday p
31、rices wont be announced until November 24. One difference this year is that online retailers are getting in on the Black Friday action. Most stores will let shoppers get Black Friday deals online instead of fighting the crowds. Retailers could well be fighting over less. Almost 60% of consumers expe
32、ct to reduce their spending this Christmas according to Deloittes annual holiday survey, with 11% reporting that theyre still paying off holiday debt from last year. Shoppers indicated they would purchase a lot fewer gifts this year21.5 presents on average compared with 23.1 last year. Almost seven
33、in 10 said they intend to change their shopping behavior because of the economy; 81% say they plan to buy more sale items.While analysts say there is no must-have item this Christmas season, they expect discount chains like Wal-Mart to lead the pack. Consumer electronics could be a bright spot espec
34、ially since prices for items such as plasma screen TVs and GPS navigation systems have declined dramatically.【F5 】And with consumers indicating theyre planning on staying home more often eating in or taking “staycations“ instead of vacationsa brand new TV or DVD player might be a good way to indulge
35、 while still saving money.One thing will not change, even with an economic slowdown; people will continue to buy gifts. Whats undecided is how many and how much. Says Martin, “You have to do a lot to take away Christmas from the American consumer. “11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 Putin will fi
36、nish the second of two terms as President in 2008. Under his leadership, Russia has re-emerged as a significant world power.【F1】I have friends who predict that Vladimir Putin will find his new position as Russian prime minister a comedown after eight years as President. I doubt it. Putin is more lik
37、ely to define his job than be defined by it. After our first meetings, in 1999 and 2000, I described him in my journal as “shrewd, confident, hard-working, patriotic, and ingratiating.“ In the years since, he has become more confident andto Westerners decidedly less ingratiating.Born in Leningrad(to
38、days St. Petersburg)Putin is the son of a sailor and a factory worker. From 1976 to 1990, Putin served in the foreign intelligence branch of the notorious Soviet spy agency. For many of those years, he was stationed in Germany. In 1998, Putin was tapped to run the FSB(successor to the KGB)by then Ru
39、ssian President Boris Yeltsin.【F2 】When Yeltsin resigned shortly before the end of his second term, Putin was chosen to serve as acting President, putting him in an ideal position to win the office in the election that followed.【F3】Some believe Putins KGB background explains everything, but his alle
40、giance to the KGB is in turn explained by his intense nationalismwhich accounts for his popularity in Russia. Timing matters in history, and Putin has had the benefit of high oil prices and the contrast with his predecessor, Boris Yeltsin.【F4 】His vision of Russia is that of a great power in the old
41、-fashioned European sense. Such powers have spheres of influence and subjugate lesser powers. At home, they celebrate national traditions and prize collective glory, not individual freedom.Tolstoy described the 19th century count Mikhail Speransky as a “ rigorous-minded man of immense intelligence,
42、who through his energy.had come to power and used it solely for the good of Russia.“ What one found disconcerting, though, “ was Speranskys cold, mirror-like gaze, which let no one penetrate to his soul. “ It is possible to love the idea of a nation without caring too much for its citizens.【F5】It is
43、 unlikely that Putin, 55, will wear out his welcome at home anytime soon, as he has nearly done with many democracies abroad. In the meantime, he will remain an irritant to NATO, a source of division within Europe and yet another reason for the West to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels.16 【F1】17 【
44、F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】20 University letters to students and alumni are usually cheerful. But the University of California at Los Angeles(UCLA)is now composing 800,000 embarrassing ones. The university announced Tuesday that its notifying nearly a million members of its communityincluding students,
45、 faculty and alumnithat a hacker gained access to their Social Security numbers, dates of birth, home addresses and contact information.【F1】UCLA computer security technicians noticed a suspicious number of database queries on Nov. 21, and after a quick investigation , discovered that a hacker had ac
46、cessed records dishonestly all the way back to October of 2005. The university blocked further access to the private data and hired a consultant to help figure out how it happened.【F2】In a letter to those who may have been victimized, UCLAs Acting Chancellor Norman Abrams noted that the data does no
47、t include credit card or banking information, but apologized. “ I deeply regret any concern or inconvenience this incident may cause you,“ Abrams wrote.Jim Davis, UCLAs Chief Information Officer, who is responsible for the universitys computer security policy, says UCLA had already begun removing So
48、cial Security numbers from common usage, but that some numbers remain in the university database because of financial reporting requirements. “With 20/20 hindsight, the best way to deal with this kind of situation is not to have Social Security numbers there in the first place,“ Davis says. “The fas
49、ter we move on that, the better off we will be. “【F3 】He says that while those at the university are “scared“ there is no indication thus far that identity thieves have used any stolen data, and that while the investigation is still in process, the actual number of those affected by the hacking may be just 5% or less of the 800,000 whose data was potentially vulnerable.【F4】The FBI has launched its own investigation of the incident, but tracking down those responsible will be a challenge. In 200
