1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 199 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 This week, in Washington and cities across the nation, immigrant advocates, clergy members and labor and business leaders have been meeting to press the
2、ir case for comprehensive immigration reform. Hopes have been raised before and repeatedly dashed. But this year there is a chanceif the White House provides real leadership and Congressional leaders show the courage andsense they have previously lacked.President Obama has pledged his support for re
3、form that includes a path to citizenship for the undocumented. At the same time, his administration has not done nearly enough to moderate enforcement policies that unfairly target citizens and legal residentsoften because they are Hispanic while feeding the fear and hopelessness of illegal immigran
4、ts as they await the opportunity to get right with the law.The Department of Homeland Security has been pressing ahead with the old Bush administration strategy of tightening the screws on the 12 million undocumented, particularly by lengthening the long arm of local law enforcement. Make no mistake
5、: Stronger and more effective immigration enforcement should be a pillar of any reform plan. But stricter enforcement must be coupled with a path to legalization. And poorly designed enforcement without strict checks on errors and abuse is a remedy worse than the disease.The homeland security secret
6、ary, Janet Napolitano, is sticking with the 287(g) program, which deputizes local police departments to enforce immigration law, despite all-too-frequent errors and abuses. Despite community outrage over racial profiling and discriminate “crime sweeps “ in Maricopa County, Ariz., by the notorious sh
7、eriff, Joe Arpaio, he remains a member in good standing of Ms.Napolitanos enforcement team.Immigration and Customs Enforcement is expanding its Secure Communities program, which automatically checks the immigration status of everyone booked in jail. That sounds benign, but advocates have raised legi
8、timate concerns over its lack of oversight and internal controls. Any blanket checks of arrestees, both innocent and guilty, could easily provide cover to police departments that use neighborhood sweeps and mass arrests as a pretext to “clean“ communities of unwanted immigrants not just violent crim
9、inals, but harmless housekeepers, day laborers and gardeners.There could be no quicker way than this to erode the hard-won advances in community policing, through which law enforcement agencies rely on the trust and cooperation of the people they protect. There is a grim contradiction at work here,
10、with the Obama administration simultaneously, and self-destructively, twisting the dials of hope and fear.1 In the first paragraph, the author holds that（A）immigrants are disappointed again by the side effects of the reform.（B） US government is expected to advance the immigration reform.（C） immigrat
11、ion reform will contradict current laws and rules.（D）immigration reform is welcomed by every social group.2 Why do illegal immigrants feel fearful and hopeless?（A）Because they are waiting to become legal residents.（B） Because they find the president is unwilling to support the reform.（C） Because rel
12、ated policies cannot satisfy their demands.（D）Because Hispanics are often discriminated under current laws.3 Poorly designed enforcement concerning immigration will probably（A）lead the immigrants to a path of legalization.（B） put more emphases on strict checks.（C） regard errors and abuse as a remedy
13、 for disease.（D）bring more problems to the original issue.4 The Secure Communities program（A）automatically checks the immigration status of each citizen.（B） fails to notice the internal changes of the prisoners.（C） is used as an alleged reason to wipe out unwanted immigrants.（D）aims at clearing the
14、community of all the immigrants.5 The text intends to tell us that（A）there will be both hope and concern on immigration.（B） Obama administration will press forward law enforcement reforms.（C） enforcement policy will greatly promote the immigration reform process.（D）immigrant advocates are demanding
15、for more citizen rights.5 What makes a great high school? Americans think a lot of things do, from outstanding academics or a supportive environment for students to a great football or basketball team. Still, pretty much everyone agrees teaching and learning are central to the mission. High schools
16、are expected to prepare students for further education, work, or the military and eliminate the largegaps in achievement separating different ethnic and income groups of students. These are sensible goals.While there are many great high schools among the nearly 22,000 across the country, too many ar
17、e still not getting the job done. Only about half of African-American and Hispanic students finish high school on time. Meanwhile, the National Assessment of Education Progress tests, often referred to as “the nations report card,“ show significant achievement gaps separating white students from bla
18、ck and Hispanic high school students.These are not small differences but rather vast gaps that crush opportunity and tear at our nations social contract. Leave aside the intrinsic value of being an educated citizen; there are practical effects as well. In 2005, the mean annual earnings were about $2
19、0,000 for a high school dropout but $54,000 for someone with a bachelors degree. And those differences are growing wider, not lessening, as our economy becomes more knowledge and skills based. In 1975, a high school dropout earned about half as much as a college graduate, compared with about one thi
20、rd today.This is why U.S. News set some clear criteria for academic quality in its new ranking of American high schools. These criteria mean a lot of schools dont measure uponly 505 schools nationwide earned a silver or gold medal this year. The list illustrates at once the promise and the challenge
21、 for high schools today. Only about 1 in 8 of the schools on this list serves a student population that is more than 50 percent low income, and only about 1 in 5 has a majority of nonwhite students. Meanwhile, about 1 in 5 selects students based on academic merit, something that obviously boosts the
22、 chances of meeting the criteria.Because the U.S. News list uses more data to judge schools, it paints a clearer picture. Of course, no list is perfect. For instance, it is difficult to account for high school graduation rates because states calculate them in different ways. But this one better refl
23、ects what policymakers and parents want from high schools, as well as the challenge our nation faces to make our high schools as good as they need to be.6 American high schools are expected to（A）eliminate large social gaps.（B） remain ethnic diversities.（C） teach students practical skills.（D）prepare
24、students for the future.7 In Paragraph 2, “the nations report card“ is mentioned to show that（A）too many high schools fail to accomplish the mission of teaching and learning.（B） half of African-American and Hispanic high school students are dropouts.（C） academic achievement gaps are the primary caus
25、es of ethnic gaps in America.（D）Achievement gaps among different ethnic groups still remain in American high schools.8 We can learn from Paragraph 3 that（A）inequality of education breaks the contract America signs with its citizens.（B） income gaps are widened as the economy relies more on knowledge
26、and skills.（C） high school education results in more economic impact than emotional one.（D）high school dropouts used to earn more in the 1970s than today.9 High schools of silver or gold medalists by U.S. News most probably（A）dedicate to students from low-income families.（B） recruit mainly white stu
27、dents.（C） select students based on academic performance.（D）admit only minority elite students.10 Which of the following is a feature of the U.S. News list?（A）Ideal.（B） Exaggerating.（C） Insightful.（D）Threatening.10 You are what you eat, or so the saying goes. But Richard Wrangham, of Harvard Universi
28、ty, believes that this is true in a more profound sense than the one implied by the old proverb. It is not just you who are what you eat, but the entire human species. And with Homo sapiens, what makes the species unique in Dr. Wranghams opinion is that its food is so often cooked.Cooking is a human
29、 universal. No society is without it No one other than a few faddists tries to survive on raw food alone. And the consumption of a cooked meal in the evening, usually in the company of family and friends, is normal in every known society. Moreover, without cooking, the human brain (which consumes 20
30、-25% of the bodys energy) could not keep running. Dr. Wrangham thus believes that cooking and humanity have developed alongside. In fact, as he outlined to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), in Chicago, he thinks that cooking and other forms of preparing food are humanit
31、ys “killer application“: the evolutionary change that underpins all of the otherand subsequentchanges that have made people such unusual animals.Humans became human, as it were, with the emergence 1.8 million years ago of a species called Homo erectus. This had a skeleton much like modern mansa big,
32、 brain-filled skull and a narrow pelvis and rib cage, which imply a small abdomen and thus a small gut. Hitherto, the explanation for this shift from the smaller skulls and wider pelvises of mans apelike ancestors has been a shift from a vegetable-based diet to a meat-based one. Meat has more calori
33、es than plant matter, the theory went. A smaller gut could therefore support a larger brain.Dr. Wrangham disagrees. When you do the sums, he argues, raw meat is still insufficient to bridge the gap. He points out that even modern “raw foodists“, members of a town-dwelling, back-to-nature social move
34、ment, struggle to maintain their weightand they have access to animals and plants that have been bred for the table. Pre-agricultural man confined to raw food would have starved.Start cooking, however, and things change radically. Cooking alters food in three important ways. It breaks starch molecul
35、es into more digestible fragments. It “denatures“ protein molecules, so that their amino-acid chains unfold and digestive enzymes can attack them more easily. And heat physically softens food. That makes it easier to digest, so even though the stuff is no more calorific, the body uses fewer calories
36、 dealing with it.11 It can be inferred from the first paragraph that（A）what you eat exerts little impact on who you are.（B） the food makes Homo sapiens different from others.（C） Homo sapiens often cooked its food.（D）Homo sapiens cook food in a unique way.12 Dr. Wrangham holds the view that（A）cooking
37、 is a human universal without exception.（B） the human brain could not work without food.（C） eating cooked meat should be accompanied by family.（D）humanity is a precondition for development of cooking.13 It is stated that humans had changed from their apelike ancestors to Homo erectus probably becaus
38、e（A）they could support a larger brain with smaller gut.（B） they had a narrow pelvis and rib cage.（C） they began to eat cooked meat and vegetables.（D）they took meat as the staple of diet.14 Dr. Wrangham quotes the example of “raw foodists“ to show that（A）raw foodists face problems to maintain weight.
39、（B） raw foodists also consume meat and vegetables.（C） raw meat is not enough to narrow the gap.（D）raw meat is harmful to modern “raw foodists“.15 Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（A）The Evolution of Human Beings（B） The Evolutionary Role of Cookery（C） The Great Importance o
40、f Cookery（D）The Significance of Meat-based Diet15 Judith Vogtli, director of an upstate New York-based abstinence (the practice of refraining from sex, alcohol, etc) organization called Project Truth, is worried that the golden age of “abstinence-only“ education may have come to an end. George W. Bu
41、sh helped increase funding for this kind of sex educationwhich focuses on chastity as the way to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, and discusses condoms only in terms of failureto over $175m a year. The fate of that money, and of abstinence education itself, is uncertain under a n
42、ew administration and Congress.Ms Vogtli need only wait a few weeks. Barack Obama will submit the first draft of his budget to Congress later this month. In the meantime, her organization, funded entirely by a government grant, is trying to go about business as usual. That means teaching about absta
43、ining from sex, drugs and alcohol in New York schools and holding its sixth annual abstinence Creativity Contest, to which students submitted essays, poems, artwork and music on the theme of “Waiting is easier because.“Abstinence-only education programs have been controversial ever since they were i
44、ntroduced under Ronald Reagan in 1981.Some liberals have labeled it “ignorance-only“ education and most favor a curriculum that includes discussion of both abstinence and contraception (the method to prevent pregnancy). Since the start of abstinence-only programs, the federal government has spent ov
45、er $1.5 billion on them, but the United States still has one of the highest teen-pregnancy rates of any developed country. Supporters of abstinence-only education mostly think that the media and a culture of casual sexual behaviors are to blame for this and that more government support for abstinenc
46、e could help offset the rise of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease. But opponents blame abstinence-only education.There is some evidence to support their case. According to Sarah Brown of the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, an advocacy organization, there h
47、as been no randomized study showing that abstinence-only education delays sexual activity, and research from the University of Washington suggests that teens who receive comprehensive sex education have a 50% lower risk of becoming pregnant than those enrolled in abstinence-only courses.Abstinence-o
48、nly advocates want the government to let school districts choose which type of sex education they prefer. But in an unfavorable sign for them, the new Congress is already shifting its emphasis. Louise Slaughter, a congresswoman from New York and a former scientist, has introduced a bill that would f
49、und “medically accurate“ comprehensive sex education in schools. It is likely to pass.16 We learn from the first paragraph that “abstinence-only“ education（A）fails to win the support from the new administration.（B） focuses on both chastity and condoms.（C） enjoys great popularity among the young people.（D）might see a decline of public interest in such education.17 Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?（A）Ms Vogtlis organization is funded by the government and the private companies.（B） Ms Vogtlis organization is trying its best to do business well as usual
