1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 205 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 It is not quite Benidorm yet, but Antarctica has become an increasingly popular destination for the more adventurous tourist. In this years southern-hem
2、isphere summer season, running from November to March, as many as 39,000 visitors are expected to make the trip from Tierra del Fuego, the nearest jumping-off point to the worlds emptiest continent. That amounts to a fourfoldincrease in a decade. officials in both Chile and Argentina are getting inc
3、reasingly worried about the risk of a fatal accident“a new Titanic“ as one Chilean naval officer puts it.Nobody has died so far, but there have been some near-collisions. In 2007 more than 150 people were evacuated when their ship, the Explorer, sank after hitting an iceberg near the South Shetland
4、Islands. They were “very lucky with the weather“, says Chiles deputy minister for the navy, Carolina Echeverria. That was one of only two accidents last season, with a similar number the previous year and one so far this season.Help is usually not far away. Although cruise ships plan their route so
5、as to keep out of each others sight, there are generally 20 to 30 boats heading to or from the Antarctic Peninsula on any one day. Even so, surviving an accident is something of a lottery. It depends partly on the weather. Not all the ships have the covered lifeboats recommended for polar conditions
6、. Small boats, like the Explorer, have a better chance of being able to transfer their passengers if they get into difficulties. But some cruise ships visiting Antarctica now carry almost 3,000 passengersmore than ten times the limit that offers a reasonable chance of timely rescue, according to Chi
7、les navy.The navy is annoyed about the cost of patrols, rescue operations and cleaning up fuel spills. It wants legally binding rules, backed by penalties, for Antarctic cruise ships. But that is hard to achieve. Under the 1959 Antarctic Treaty no country can exercise sovereignty over any part of th
8、e continent and its waters are international. Some rules on tourism have been written under the treaty: cruise ships carrying over 500 passengers cannot make landings, for example. But these are not legally enforceable. Neither will be rules being debated by the United Nations International Maritime
9、 Organization on safety requirements.Some tour operators say they would welcome tighter regulation and higher safety standards. Others insist that safety is already adequate. The world recession may place a temporary brake on the trade. But Chilean officials reckon that the trend to big cruise ships
10、, with their cheaper fares, will resume once recovery comes. If so, a tragedy may be only a matter of time.1 We learn from the first paragraph that Antarctica has（A）become a Benidorm-like tourist destination.（B） witnessed more fatal accidents than before.（C） attracted more bold guests than before.（D
11、）experienced a new Titanic period.2 The Explorer is mentioned in Paragraph 2 to show that（A）its perfectly safe to visit Antarctica（B） the weather will help people survive.（C） nobody has died from accidents so far.（D）accidents occur occasionally in this area.3 “Help is usually not far away“ (line 1,
12、Paragraph 3) suggests that（A）cruise ships plan to keep themselves away from other boats.（B） surviving an accident depends largely on the weather.（C） boats sail frequently around the visiting area of the cruise ships.（D）cruise ships are equipped with lifeboats for passengers.4 According to the Antarc
13、tic Treaty,（A） the navy should rescue as many survivors as possible in spite of high cost.（B） no country is entitled to the rights of Antarctic continent and its waters.（C） Antarctica should be open to the world without any form of restrictions.（D）rules concerning Antarctica should be approved by th
14、e United Nations.5 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that（A） tour operators are eager to see more regulations concerning Antarctica.（B） safety issues should not be worried about no matter how many cruise ships come.（C） the world recession helps tour operators to reduce their fares.（D）when m
15、ore and more visitors come to Antarctica, a tragedy is foreseeable.5 Womens fertility is determined in large part at birth. They are bom with their total number of reproductive cells, which normally influences the age at which menopausethe shutting down of female reproductive systembegins. But in th
16、e 1990s, researchers proposed that if a childs energy is depleted by malnutrition, disease, or other factors, he or she would be less fertile as anadult. By using the natural experiment of migration, researchers demonstrated how differences during childhood do alter the course of reproduction in adu
17、lt women.Biological anthropologist Gillian Bentley of Durham University in the UK and colleagues compared levels of reproductive hormones in 250 Bangladeshi women, including women who migrated from Sylhet, Bangladesh to London; women who stayed in Sylhet; and Bangladeshi women born in London. In the
18、 first stage of their study, they found that women who migrated from Bangladesh as children had higher levels of reproductive hormones in their saliva than women who lived in Sylhet, but less than women bom in London. This had a direct effect on fertility: Migrant women in London had an 11% higher r
19、ate of ovulationdischarging of mature ovumduring their lives than did women in Sylhet, the team reported in 2007.The team has now studied 900 women between the ages of 35 and 60 to see if the beginning of menopause varies between migrants and women in Sylhet. Bentley presented preliminary results fr
20、om their measurement of hormones that regulate the maturation of reproductive cells and are indirect indices of how many ova they can still produce. Her team found that migrants enter menopause later than did women who stayed in Bangladesh but earlier than did those born in London. “The adult migran
21、ts seem to be sensitive to improved conditions,“ says Bentley.The group is trying to find out which environmental factors in Bangladesh lower growing girls fertility. All the Bangladeshi women in the study came from middle-class, land-owning families, who grew up with adequate calories. However, gir
22、ls growing up in Bangladesh were probably exposed to more infectious diseases during crucial developmental years. So, they may have had to make tradeoffs among using energy to grow, to maintain their bodies, or to maximize their reproductive potential as adults. Bentley plans to test that idea next
23、year when her team returns to Bangladesh to see if girls there suffer from more diseases than do those in London. “In other words,“ says Bentley, “where you spend your childhood influences adult reproductive function.“6 According to the text, which of the following factor in childhood will probably
24、cause an adult to be less fertile?（A）Menopause period.（B） Infectious disease.（C） Vigorous exercise.（D）Reproductive hormones.7 In Paragraph 2, Gillian Bentleys research showed us that（A）women staying in Sylhet had a high level of reproductive hormones.（B） women born in London were less fertile than t
25、hose migrates from Sylhet.（C） reproduction level of adult women varied in different regions.（D）where you spend your childhood might affect the fertility of adult women.8 Migration here in the experiment is（A）a measuring tool.（B） a research methodology.（C） an independent variable.（D）a controlled cond
26、ition.9 What could be concluded from the research on the menopause of women?（A）Environment changes would make a difference of ones reproduction.（B） The beginning of menopause symbolized the lessening of hormones.（C） The period of menopause demonstrated an adult womens maturation.（D）Migrants entered
27、menopause later than those who stayed in their birth place.10 Which of the following is the best title for this text?（A）More Energy, More Fertility（B） Childhood and Adulthood（C） Reproductive Fate vs. Environment（D）Migration Might Be a Choice10 Harvard thrilled middle-class parents last week by cappi
28、ng its tuition for families with incomes of up to $180,000 at 10 percent of their earnings. The move sparked hopes of a donation race that could ease the soaring costs of college. Earlier this month, Duke joined a group of schools including Harvard, Princeton, and Stanford that promise free rides to
29、 low-income students.But many point out that these gestures will affect only a few hundred lucky students. The outlays are so comparatively small that they are unlikely to divert pressure for reforms in the ways colleges spend their moneyespecially the estimated $380 billion of endowment funds store
30、d in tax-free accounts. “Its an important gesture,“ College Parents of America President James Boyle says of Harvard But colleges should do more now with the money theyve socked away for a rainy day, he saysThe numbers are smaller, but the story is similar at other colleges. The average endowment ha
31、s been reaping 10 percent a year on investments since 2004. But colleges spent an average of just 4.6 percent of their endowments last year while raising tuition faster than the rate of inflation. That troubles folks like Sen. Chuck Grassley, whos pushing Congress to require wealthy colleges to spen
32、d at least 5 percent of their endowments every year. “Tax-exempt organizations are supposed to provide public benefit in exchange for their special status,“ he said. “Helping the next generation afford college is a public benefit. “Many college officials, of course, are battling such rule changes. W
33、hile Harvard, Yale, and Princeton all have more than $1 million worth of endowment per student, half of all colleges have no more than $2,000 per student saved up. Even high-earning schools say they already are spending as much as they should. Chris Bittman, chief investment officer of the Universit
34、y of Colorado Foundation, racked up almost 23 percent in returns last fiscal year, bringing the schools endowment to nearly $800 million. He supports the schools policy of spending 4.5 percent. Recent big profits cant last forever, he says. Instead, endowments should plan on earning the long-term av
35、erage of 10 percent.Still, pressure appears to be forcing some changes. In June, Stanford announced it would increase its endowment spending to 5.5 percent, or $160 million a year. If every school followed suit, that would free up about $4 billion a year (or $200 per student) to increase aid or keep
36、 tuition prices down. Or as Richard Vedder, an Ohio University economist, says, “a small step for mankind.“11 According to the first two paragraphs, the “free rides“ to famous schools will probably（A）affect a good many students with excellent academic records.（B） promote the reform of endowment spen
37、ding of schools greatly.（C） result in the tuition raise for some other students.（D）give pressure to school administrators on money policy.12 Sen. Chuck Grassley suggests that the schools should（A）increase their endowments to suit their particular status.（B） abide by the law on endowment spending.（C）
38、 use their tax-free funds to bring social benefits.（D）create learning opportunities outside school for young people.13 According to Paragraph 4, Chris Bittman believes that（A）endowment funds should be invested in business to make money.（B） the endowment spending policies of American colleges should
39、be reformed.（C） schools policy of spending relies on its profits of endowment investment.（D）the gap between rich schools and poor ones still remains.14 The phrase “a small step for mankind“ (Last line, Paragraph 5) shows that the increased endowment spending will（A）encourage more public spending.（B）
40、 contribute to social development.（C） harmonize different schools.（D）pave the way for free education.15 What can we infer from the text?（A）Some rich universities feel pressure to share more of their wealth.（B） Harvard is leading the way in promoting the even distribution of wealth.（C） College studen
41、ts will be exempt from tuitions of learning.（D）Less endowment spending will earn more long-term benefits.15 Video games get a bad press. Many are unquestionably violent and, as has been the way with new media from novels to comic books to television, they have been accused of corrupting the moral fa
42、bric of youth. Nor are such accusations without merit. There is a body of research suggesting that violent games can lead to aggressive thoughts, if not to violence itself.But not allgames are shoot-them-ups, and what is less examined is whether those that reward more constructive behavior also have
43、 lingering impacts. That, however, is starting to change. Two studies showing that video games have a bright side as well as a dark one have been carried out recently.One, to be published in June by the Journal of Experirnental Social Psychology, was conducted by Douglas Gentile, of Iowa State Unive
44、rsitys media research laboratory. He and his colleagues tested the effects of playing so-called “pro-social“ games on children and young adults in three countries.A group of 161 American students played one of six games for 20 minutes. Some were given“Ty2“ or “Crash Twinsanity“, both of which involv
45、e cartoonish fighting and destruction. Others were assigned “Chibi-Robo!“, which involves helping characters in the game by doing their chores, or “Super Mario Sunshine“, in which players clean up pollution and graffiti. A third group, acting as a control, played “Pure Pinball“ or “Super Monkey Ball
46、 Deluxe“, both of which involve guiding a ball through mazes.Their games over, the participants were asked to choose 11 of 30 easy, medium or hard shape-based puzzles for a partner to complete, and told that their partner would receive a $10 gift voucher if he could complete ten of them. Those who h
47、ad been playing prosocial games were significantly more likely to help their partner by selecting easy puzzles. The opposite was true for those assigned violent games.The other parts of Dr Gentiles study looked at established behavior. In one, a group of 680 Singaporeans aged 12-14 were asked to lis
48、t their three favorite games and state the number of hours they played. They were then given questionnaires, the answers to which suggested that those who spent the longest playing games which involved helping others were most likely to help, share, co-operate and empathize with others. They also ha
49、d lower scores in tests for hostile thoughts and the acceptance of violence as normal. In the second, Japanese aged 10-17 were asked how much time they spent playing games in which the main character helps others. When questioned three to four months later, those who played these types of games the most were also rated as more helpful to those around them in real life.16 The statement“Video games get a bad press“(Line 1, Paragraph 1) is used to show that video games are（A）popular.（B） dangerous.（C） criticized.（D）constructive.17 Which of the following is true
