1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 211 及答案与解析Part B (10 points) 0 The nations 47 million uninsured are not the only reason that health care has become a big issue in the presidential campaigns.【F1】_Even back in 2005, the health expenditures for each U.S. citizen exceeded the entire per capita incomes of Chile or Venezuel
2、a.The soaring spending is rooted in the nations technophilia: medical technology accounts for asmuch as half the growth in health care spending.【F2】_Our love affair with next-generation imagingmachines, implantable devices and the like has blinded us to the reality that little evidence often exists
3、for whether something novel works any better than existing equipment, procedures or chemicals.The recently published book Overtreated by New America Foundation Fellow Shannon Brownlee documents how surgical operations to relieve back pain, elective angioplasties that enlarge partially blocked corona
4、ry arteries and superfluous computed tomography contribute to the $400 billion to $700 billion in medical care that does not better our health In 2005 the state of Ohio had more magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners than did all of Canada, leading physicians in Toledo to joke about why cars pass
5、ing by city hospitals dont swerve out of control because of strong magnetic fields.【F3】_Brownlees book does not even touch on some ultra-high tech, such as the University of Texas M.D.Anderson Cancer Centers $125-million proton-beam faculty, filled with a physics-grade particleaccelerator, that kill
6、s tumor cells.【F4】_One solution, advocated by Brownlee and some other healthpolicy analysts, is a renewal of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)or the creation of an organization like itthat would compare different treatments. It would be entrusted with comparing the benefits and r
7、isks of drugs, procedures and medical devices, while assessing any benefits against costs. The same Newt Gingrichled Congress that eliminated the office of Technology Assessment in 1995 almost did away with the AHRQ, which barely survived with diminished funding and powers.【F5】_For a revitalized AHR
8、Q or a clone thereof to work as it should will require that a newpresident follow through with adequate funding, an assurance that Medicare will consider seriously its findings and, perhaps most important, a Federal Reservelike independence from the momentary whims ofthe political establishment. Awa
9、tchdog thathelpsto ensure we pay only forwhat works, notwithstanding the entreaties of drug companies and equipment manufacturers to do the opposite, will provide a powerful brake on the growing costs already choking our medical system.A.Questions remain, however, about whether proton beams are more
10、 effective than another form of radiotherapy that M. D.Anderson already offers.B.Besides leaving many uncovered, the U.S. also has trouble controlling the spending habits of a health care giant that is on track to consume 20 cents of every dollar by 2015, a tripling from 1970 levels.C.It now serves
11、only as an information clearinghouse, not an organization that makes recommendations on Medicare reimbursement decisions.D.Although this trend has benefited everyonewitness the near halving of heart attack deaths from 1980 to 2000not all those added dollars have been as well spent as drug and device
12、 manufacturers would have us believe.E.Yet studies have shown that imaging techniques such as MRI have not improved diagnosis as much as doctors and patients think they have.F.Several Democratic candidates, including Senators Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama, have expressed their approval to the nee
13、d for institutes that would lay the foundation for “evidence-based“ medicine.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 We have come to think of teenagers as a breed apartask any parent of one. But as a driver of culture, as a consumer niche, as a state of contrariness, the subspecies known as teenager wasnt e
14、ven identified until World War II, the point at which British music writer Jon Savages fascinating new book, Teenage: The Creation of Youth Culture 1875-1945, ends.【F1】_.Amid the chaos of mass urbanization in the late 19th century, teens were already notoriously drawn to trouble. The street gangs th
15、at carved up New York City back then were fueled by crime, but many members joined primarily for the sake of the fringe benefitsaccess to the forbidden pleasuresof drink, drugs and sex.【F2】_For example, the Parisian gangsters of that eraknown as Apacheswore silk scarves and, writes Savage, “an air o
16、f bourgeois arrogance.“ In Englands inner cities, where there were regular pitched battles between gangs, the look was edgier. A youth worker in the 1890s noted that a proper Manchester “scuttler“ could be identified by a loose white scarf, plastered-down hair, bell-bottom trousers.In 1898, G. Stanl
17、ey Hall, an American psychology pioneer, defined a new stage of life called “adolescence,“ characterized by parental conflict, moodiness and risk taking. Contrary to the disciplinarian ethos of the day, Hall recommended that adolescents be given “room to be lazy.“ His prediction that “we shall one d
18、ay attract the youth of the world by our unequaled liberty and opportunity,“ not only prophesied a culture that would revere youth but also patented it as American.【F3】_The view of a German lieutenant colonel, Baron Colmar von der Goltz, in 1883 that “thestrength of a nation lies in its youth,“ was
19、pretty much shared by all the muscle-flexing European powers of that era. World War I ultimately spent the lives of as many as 3 million of Europes adolescents, and the pangs were felt for decades. “The Great War,“ Savage writes, “forever destroyed the automatic obedience that elders expected from t
20、heir children.“In the Europe of the 1920s, that generational dissent was mostly expressed either in the arts (JeanCocteau, Fritz Lang, Aldous Huxley) or in outright decadence.【F4】_Nowhere more so than in Germany,where the Wandervogel, a popular, free-spirited, back-to-nature youth movement whose non
21、political ideals had survived World War I, found itself hijacked in the 1930s by the Hitler Youth. By 1939, membership of the Hitler Youth stood at 8.9 million.【F5】_The self-styled Swing Kids of Hamburg and the Zazous of Paris paid a heavy price in beatings and scalpings for growing their hair, wear
22、ing Zoot suits, and dirty dancing to banned jazz. “Instead of uniformity, they proclaimed difference; instead of aggression, overt sexuality,“ writes Savage, with as good a recipe as any for the teenage era that was about to dawn.Teenage is a bracing reminder that the tides of teen rebellion after 1
23、945 were always about more than loud music and fashion. That story has often been told, not least by Savage in his 1991 history of punk, Englands Dreaming.A.His prediction was proved right. But in Europe, any such optimism was overwhelmed by a half-century of war and talk of war.B.Despite the clamps
24、 on freedom during the first years of World War II, the pockets of youthful defiance that Savage describes in Germany and occupied France showed a daring contempt for fascist authority, expressing it to the beat of American pop culture.C.But caught up in a renewed spiral to war, youths, many of them
25、 jobless, were soon being courted by political groups on the left and right.D.His 576-page trawl through the social commentary, memoirs and report of Europe and the U.S. in those decades shows how all the indicators of modem youth culturethe generational antagonism, the moral panics, the idealism, t
26、he shocking dress sensewere in place long before teenagers made a name for themselves.E.Whats yet to be accounted for is the curious disappearance in recent years of the generation gap between teens and their elders.F.And then, as ever since, young toughs also had an eye to fashion.G.Poverty and lac
27、k of education were recognized early on as the root problem of these disaffected youths.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 10 Richard Rorty was one of the most talked-about thinkers i
28、n America. Every professional philosopher in the English-speaking world had to study his masterpiece, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, published in 1979.【F1】But the reason why he was a superstar is that it was not only philosophers who read him; students and teachers in many other branches of th
29、e humanities fellunder his spell as well. This wide appeal was partly due to his approachable style and breadth of learning. It also helped that he attacked philosophy as a self-important pretender with no monopoly on deep truths.In fact, for Rorty there werent really any deep truths at all. He saw
30、himself as a pragmatist in the American tradition of William James and (especially) John Dewey.【F2】 He says that beliefs should be.judged by their usefulness, and not by any supposed correspondence with an ultimate reality that hides behind the landscape of everyday life.This sort of pragmatism redu
31、ces philosophy to just one form of enlightening conversation among many.Rorty began studies at the University of Chicago at the age of 15. He was married, divorced and remarried. There were rows with departmental colleagues. He wrote a lot and died of cancer.【F3】If Neil Gross, who is an American soc
32、iologist, had set out to write a traditional biography of Rorty, he would not have had a gripping tale to tell.Instead he has used Rorty as a case study in the sociological analysis of academe.Why did he do it?【F4 】 Unfortunately for anyone who is not a professional sociologist, Mr.Gross is more int
33、erested in distinguishing subtly different ways of answering this question than he is in the question itself.And his writing seems almost designed to make pedestrian generalizations sound as if they are insights:【F5】 “As thinkers move across the life course and are affiliated with different institut
34、ions, they may pick up from some of them the same elements that they integrate into their self-concept narratives.“Almost by accident, Mr.Gross does shed some light on Rortys development. He shows that his estrangement from his colleagues at Princeton was a natural evolution from his early studies i
35、n Chicago and graduate work at Yale. Those who agree with Rortys critique of philosophy will be tempted to conclude from this volume that sociology is even worse.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 There are no comprehensive statistics to chart the astounding surge of Europeans demanding cosmetic
36、surgery along with a wide range of “noninvasive“ procedures that inject threads, compounds and potions to lift and remodel, smooth and tighten. But even fragmented data on Europes booming transformation industry tell an extraordinary story.【F1】Once an indulgence of the moneyed elite and a profession
37、al necessity for actress-model-whatev-ers, cosmetic alterations are becoming a mass-market activity. Think you dont know anyone vain e-nough or desperate enough to try it? Think again.【F2】Odds are that a friend, a colleague, the teller in your bank or that commuter you sit opposite most days has alr
38、eady gone in for a little work, who are not considered vain or desperate or from a different planet. 【F3】And opinion polls conducted all over Europe point to a widening acceptance of cosmetic surgery as a part of normal lifeparticularly among the young. The research company Forsa found that 13% of G
39、ermans say they would consider surgical enhancement; that number rises to 20%1 in 5among the under-30s. Fifteen percent of 14-year-old British girls and boys wouldnt rule out going under the knife, according to a survey by the Priory mental-health-care group.Why is cosmetic surgery growing so fast i
40、n Europe?【F4 】The Continents aging profile may go some way to explain why older Europeans regard plastic surgeons as high priests, while the newly powerful appeal of the religion for younger generations is tougher to interpret. Time reporters spoke to practitioners, social scientists and psychologis
41、ts to try to understand why Europeans place such a high value on beauty. And we talked to patients of different nationalities, from teenagers to retirees, about the choices they have made, their expectations and their livesbefore and after. They mentioned the temptingly wide range of options on pric
42、e, procedure and location. But their answers hinted at deeper cultural shifts, too.Cosmetic surgery today isnt just the preserve of the riches who parade their tight faces, or the stars whose undernourished frames barely support their plumpness. Rather, the cosmetic-surgery boom reflects changing pa
43、tterns of behavior in Europe. Plenty of patients go under the knife for the oldest reason of allbecause they want to look more beautiful.【F5 】But a surprising number attribute their passion for cosmetic surgery to televisionto a lot of programs designed to convince viewers that a makeover is somethi
44、ng they need feel no guilt in desiring. Something else is new, too; increasingly, cosmetic surgery is for men as much as for women. In the intersection between the search for beauty, the power of TV and the needs of the new male, Europes face is changing literally.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】
45、20 A Darwinian understanding of culture begins with the observation that the arts appear in every human society and yield intense delight. When evolutionary psychologists detect those qualities, bells start ringing. Universal appearance of a behavior, for example, walking upright, sometimes leads sc
46、ientists to infer that it evolved before our ancestors diaspora from Africa 60,000 years ago. Andintense pleasure is often how our genes encourage some advantageous behavior.【F1 】But where an upright manner of walking and a varied diet had obvious survival advantages for our forefathers, its far fro
47、m clear that the same went for something as energy-consuming and apparently useless as the arts. Denis Dutton, the author of a new book about creativity and evolution, sees evolution generating an art instinct in two ways. First, creative capacities would have helped our ancestors to survive in the
48、hostile conditions of the Pleistocene, the epoch beginning 1.8 million years ago, during which Homo sapiens evolved in Africa【F2】An ability to invent and absorb stories, for instance, would have helped early humans work out “what if“ situations without risking their lives, pass along survival tips a
49、nd build capacities for understanding other people around the campfire.The best storytellers and best listeners would have had slightly greater odds of survival, giving future generations a higher percentage of good storytellers and listeners, and so on.【F3】Second, on those long, dull nights after the days hunting and/or gathering was done, a big vocabulary and a creative characteristic would have improved a mans chances of pursuing a loverjust as an amusing woman would have been more likely
