1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 219 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Men are generally better than women on tests of spatial ability, such as mentally rotating an object through three dimensions or finding their way aroun
2、d in a new environment. But a new study suggests that under some circumstances a womans way of navigating is probably more efficient.Luis Pacheco-Cobos of the National Autonomous University of Mexico andhis colleagues discovered this by following mushroom gatherers from a village in the state of Tla
3、xcala for two rainy seasons. Two researchers, each fitted with GPS navigation devices and heart-rate monitors, followed different gatherers on different days. They recorded the weight of the mushrooms each gatherer collected and where they visited. The GPS data allowed a map to be made of the routes
4、 taken and the heart-rate measurements provided an estimate of the amount of energy expended during their travels.The results, to be published in Evolution and Human Behaviour, show that the men and women collected on average about the same weight of mushrooms. But the men travelled farther, climbed
5、 higher and used a lot more energy70% more than the women. The men did not move any faster, but they searched for spots with lots of mushrooms. The women made many more stops, apparently satisfied with, or perhaps better at finding, patches of fewer mushrooms.Previous work has shown that men tend to
6、 navigate by creating mental maps of a territory and then imagining their position on the maps. Women are more likely to remember their routes using landmarks. The study lends support to the idea that male and female navigational skills were honed differently by evolution for different tasks. Modern
7、-day hunter-gatherers divide labor, so that men tend to do more hunting and women more gathering. It seems likely that early humans did much the same thing.The theory is that the male strategy is the most useful for hunting prey; chasing an antelope, say, would mean running a long way over a winding
8、 route. But having killed his prey, the hunter would want to make a beeline for home rather than retrace his steps exactly. Women, by contrast, would be better off remembering landmarks and retracing the paths to the most productive patches of plants.The research suggests that in certain circumstanc
9、es women are better at navigating than men, which might lend some comfort to a man desperately searching for an item in a supermarket while his exasperated wife methodically moves around the aisles filling the shopping trolley. He is simply not cut out for the job, evolutionarily speaking.1 The word
10、 “navigating“ (Para 1) most probably means _.（A）voyaging（B） guiding（C） piloting（D）maneuvering2 GPS navigation devices and heart-rate monitors were chosen for the research most probably because they can _.（A）reflect the routes and the amount of used energy（B） record the overall weight of the mushroom
11、s gathered（C） estimate the time and energy consumed during travels（D）provide the gatherers with different maps of routes3 The result of the experiment indicated that women gatherers _.（A）knew how to regain energy（B） were good at remembering landmarks（C） were easily content（D）travelled more efficient
12、ly4 By referring to evolution, the author intends to show that _.（A）men and women are different in spatial conception and ability（B） males are born with the hunters mentality and females the gatherers（C） different ways of navigation can date back to the ancient times（D）early humans have decided the
13、division of labor for men and women5 We can infer from the supermarket scene depicted in the last paragraph that man _.（A）is always impatient when shopping with his wife（B） may not be the right type for finding items（C） may be suitable to do this routine job（D）is sometimes unable to navigate correct
14、ly5 For the past five years, Dr. Stephen Post has been funding research projects that test how altruism (selflessness), compassion, and giving affect peoples lives and well-being. As head of the Institute for Research on Unlimited Love(IRUL), at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, he has s
15、ponsored more than 50 studies by scientists from 54 major universities. In a wide range of disciplinesfrom public health to human development to neuroscience, sociology, and evolutionary biologythe studies have demonstrated that love and caring expressed in doing good for others lead people to have
16、healthier, happier, and even longer lives.IRUL research is part of a significant shift under way within key scientific disciplines from focusing just on the deficit or disease model of human nature to studying the positive, virtuous, and thriving aspects. In the process, the research is broadening t
17、he understanding of what contributes to health and longevity. Even some in evolutionary biology, a field long known for proclaiming “the selfish gene,“ are on board.“A lot of my colleagues view it very positively,“ says David Sloan Wilson, a prominent evolutionary biologist famous for his work on “g
18、roup selection.“ Dr.Wilson has studied how altruistic teenagers fare within differing social environmentssituations where they thrive and others where they are under great stressas well as group altruism. He praises the institute for identifying and supporting “a neglected set of subjects“ for resea
19、rch.Research on people diagnosed with various illnesseswhether it be HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, or alcoholism-revealed that those patients involved in counseling or otherwise serving others show greater improvement in their own health. Volunteerism studies have demonstrated such positive results
20、that some people have called for doctors to prescribe volunteer activities. Post emphasizes, however, that its not just the activity itself, but the feelings behind the acts that benefit those taking part.Numerous studies on the brain have provided images that confirm the “helpers high“the warm glow
21、 that people feel from helping activities. But Post doesnt conclude that its the selfish pursuit of that high that spurs people to be givers. “Its not just from the chemicals. There is this neurological activity in the human body,“ he says, “but I think there is a spiritual presence that enlivens an
22、d elevates this kind of natural substrate.“ The institute will then turn very practical, Post says, taking all that has been learned about love and seeing “how it can be applied in interventions to make the world a better place.“6 According to the first two paragraphs, we know that IRUL research _.（
23、A）has been conducted by Dr. Post and scientists from other 54 universities（B） aims to find out what contributes to healthier, happier, and longer lives（C） has shown altruistic love results in a healthier and happier life（D）studies how altruistic teenagers get along in various social environments7 In
24、 the eyes of Dr. Wilson, IRUL research _.（A）initiates an important change（B） develops evolutionary biology（C） is positive and evolutionary（D）is praiseworthy for its efforts8 The examples of the patients are cited in Paragraph 4 to show that_.（A）people are helping others in order to improve their own
25、 health（B） volunteer work proves helpful to patients with various illnesses（C） altruistic acts and feelings are contributive to a healthier life（D）doctors should prescribe volunteer activities to patients9 The phrase “helpers high“ (Para. 5) most probably means _.（A）the excitement of helping others（
26、B） the pleasure of doing favors（C） the thrill of pursuing happiness（D）the passion of offering help10 We can learn from the last paragraph that Dr. Post believes _.（A）altruistic activities are as important as altruistic feelings（B） people help others in order to experience the “helpers high“（C） the “
27、helpers high“ mainly results from the chemicals in the body（D）the “helpers high“ may be more spiritual10 Summer was, for a while, a childs time, conferring an inviolate right to laziness. It was a form of education that had nothing to do with adult priorities, providing entire afternoons to watch ex
28、actly how many ants would dash out of one hill and what they would bring back. The holiness of that kind of summer was first diminished by necessity, when overcrowded classrooms brought us theyear-round school calendar. Next, the battle against social promotion forced many an indifferent student int
29、o summer schoolwhile the hard-charging students willingly packed into summer school as well, to get a leg up on the coming year.Then, as though the world of achievement had some sort of legitimate claim on summer, even schools that maintained the old-fashioned schedule began reaching their tentacles
30、 into summer. Some school districts start the traditional school year in August, the better to squeeze in a couple of more weeks of instruction before the all-important state standardized tests given in spring. Worse, what used to be recommended summer reading lists are now becoming compulsory assig
31、nments. And woe to the ambitious student whos signed up for Advanced Placement classes, and thus a summer-load of note taking and homework.Its not just the schools. As a society, we grow itchy at the sight of someoneeven a kidaccomplishing nothing more than fun. Thus parents have become suckers for
32、anything that lends a constructive air to summer. Summer camps used to exist for the purpose of marshmallow roasts and putting frogs in your bunkmates beds. Those still exist, but they compete mightily with the new campsthe ones for improving a childs writing style, building math skills, honing socc
33、er stardom, learning a foreign language, building dance talents or finessing skills playing a musical instrument. Even many colleges and universities, such as Johns Hopkins, have climbed on board, mailing out silky brochures about their expensive summer programs for supposedly gifted, or at least fi
34、nancially gifted, students.None of this activity is required, of course. Unluckily, other societal changes also have pushed back at summer. Children cant get together a pickup game of kickball when their streets are the turf of gangs. And without a shove out the door, todays youngsters are more like
35、ly to spend a day clicking away at video games than swinging in a hammock.Still, it is a decision, however unconsciously made, to view summertime as a commodity to be prudently invested, rather than as a gift to be lavishly spent. There is only one sort of skill we are afraid to nurture in our kidst
36、he ability to do nothing more constructive than make a blade of crabgrass, pressed between our thumbs and blown, blast a reedy note into the summer air.11 From the first paragraph, we learn that _.（A）summer was always a great time for laziness and freedom（B） summer time was gradually crammed with va
37、rious courses（C） summer education was especially important for A-list students（D）summer class was proved to be more helpful to disadvantaged students12 Schools considered using summer time most probably because they _.（A）wanted to help students to make full use of the school calendar（B） disbelieved
38、that their students would actively do summer homework（C） would like to encourage more students to take Advanced Placement tests（D）thought achievements had something to do with efforts in summertime13 The word “itchy“ (Para. 3) denotes _.（A）comfortless（B） eager（C） critical（D）impulsive14 In the author
39、s eye, new camps can be best characterized as _.（A）artistic（B） exciting（C） practical（D）comforting15 From the text we can conclude that the author considers that summertime should be _.（A）a satisfying investment（B） a precious present（C） a remarkable experience（D）a well-planned journey15 For decades,
40、ferry boats crossed the cold waters of Michigans Straits of Mackinac, shuttling people and vehicles between the two halves of the split-up state. Since the 1880s, Michigan residents dreamed of a bridge that would span the 4-mile gap between Mackinaw City and St. Ignace, an area that limited tourism
41、in Mackinac Island and disturbed commerce in the remote UpperPeninsula.Because construction would be hard, with high winds and harsh winters, some engineers suggested a floating tunnel or a series of small bridges instead. But, by the 1940s, with lines for ferry boats sometimes stretching for 16 mil
42、es, the idea of one continuous span won out. And what a span it turned out to be. Five miles long, the “Mighty Mac,“ which opened to traffic on Nov. 1, 1957, was to become the worlds longest suspension bridge between cable anchorages. Even today, it remains the longest suspension bridge in the Weste
43、rn Hemisphere and the third-longest bridge in the world.Designed by engineer DavidB.Steinman, the bridge was built in just three years, on time and on budget. That was a remarkable feat in itself. But the challenges were so great33 of the bridges 34 pieces had to be built under waterthat five worker
44、s perished during construction. One man died diving, one fell in a caisson while welding, another drowned, and two fell from a catwalk. The bridge has seen many tragedies since. On Sept. 10, 1978, three National Guard officers in a private plane got lost in a thick fog and crashed into the cables of
45、 the north tower. In 1989, a woman was killed when gale force windsand her excessive speedlifted her 1987 Yugo into the air, sending it 150 feet into the water. And in 1997, a sport utility vehicle took the plunge.Although authorities believed the latter incident to have been a suicide, the bridge d
46、oes not attract jumpers the way, for instance, the Golden Gate does. In 1977, Lawrence Rubin of the Mackinac Bridge Authority shared his theory on the lack of leapers with the Detroit News: “People who commit suicide like attention. But its peaceful here. you could jump off this bridge, and it might
47、 take years before anybody found out.“The bridge authority acknowledges that the prospect of such excitement may be overwhelming for some, which is why it offers free escorts for gephyrobiacspeople with a fear of crossing bridges. Each year, hundreds of drivers take advantage of the service.16 Accor
48、ding to the first paragraph, Michigans Straits of Mackinac _.（A）realized Michigan residents dream to have a bridge（B） became a tourist attraction in Mackinac Island（C） depressed the ferry service in the State of Michigan（D）blocked the development of commerce in Upper Peninsula17 It can be inferred f
49、rom the text that the reason for building a continuous span is that _.（A）the construction was dangerous because of severe weather（B） the engineers wanted to build the longest suspension bridge（C） building a floating tunnel or a series of bridges was impossible（D）ferry boats covered too many pointless miles and wasted time18 The tragedy of five construction workers is cited to prove that _.（A）the bridge is a remarkable feat in itself（B） the bridge has seen many tragedies（C
