1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 222 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness peoples self-interest in the service of the common good. The threat of a ticket keeps d
2、rivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives can also backfire, diminishing the very behavior theyre meant to encourage.A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donateblood reduced the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of
3、empirical evidence. But since then, new data and models have prompted a sea change in how economists think about incentivesshowing, among other things, that Titmuss was right often enough that businesses should take note.Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating bloo
4、d decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity reverses the effect. Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can backfire when they undermine what Adam Smith called “the moral sentiments.
5、“ The psychology here has escaped blackboard economists, but it will be no surprise to people in business: When we take a job or buy a car, we are not only trying to get stuffwe are also trying to be a certain kind of person. People desire to be esteemed by others and to be seen as ethical and digni
6、fied. And they dont want to be taken for suckers. Rewarding blood donations may backfire because it suggests that the donor is less interested in being altruistic than in making a dollar. Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the employer mistrusts the employee or is greedy. Close s
7、upervision of workers coupled with pay for performance is textbook economicsand a prescription for sullen employees.Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether were being self-interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted, and they can implysometimes wronglywhat m
8、otivates us. Fines or public rebukes that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval (think of littering) can be highly effective. But incentives go wrong when they offend or diminish our ethical sensibilities.This does not mean its impossible to appeal to self-interested and eth
9、ical motivations at the same timejust that efforts to do so often fail. Ideally, policies support socially valued ends not only by harnessing self-interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness. The small tax on plastic grocery bags enacted in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual eli
10、mination appears to have had such an effect. It punished offenders monetarily while conveying a moral message. Carrying a plastic bag joined wearing a fur coat in the gallery of anti-social anachronisms.1 From the first two paragraphs, we know that _.（A）organizational and social progresses depend on
11、 economic incentives（B） economic incentives actually discourage people to behave well（C） economists didnt agree with Titmuss for the lack of empirical evidence（D）economists now prompt businesses to note down Titmusss claim2 According to experimental economists, _.（A）more money is offered, fewer peop
12、le donate blood（B） economic incentives may run in the opposite direction（C） a decreasing number of people donate blood for charity（D）economic incentives clash with “the moral sentiments“3 We know from the text that incentives are characterized as _.（A）counterproductive（B） manipulating（C） implicative
13、（D）effective4 The small tax on plastic grocery bags in Ireland is mentioned to show that _.（A）Ireland is determined to eliminate plastic pollution（B） incentive policies by the government are more effective（C） incentives can harness egoism and inspire altruism（D）monetary punishments usually have mora
14、l implications5 The text intends to tell us that _.（A）businesses might as well put economic incentives to fuller play（B） incentives have more negative influences than positive ones（C） money is not everything, instead, there is always something else（D）incentives may go wrong when they clash with “the
15、 moral sentiments“5 Those days are long gone when placing a telephone call meant simply picking up the receiver and asking the operator to patch you through. Modern cell phones require users to navigate a series of menus to find numbers, place calls or check messages. Even the most tech-savvy may ta
16、ke weeks to discover some of the more mysterious multimedia functions. Imagine the difficulty forsomeone unable to read.That is the challenge for mobile communications companies aiming to branch out into developing countries. The prospects seen from the last decade are alluring: only about one tenth
17、 of Indias population use cell phones. But selling to poor rural areas is not likely to happen with a marketing version of “plug and play.“ Most potential buyers have little exposure to anything other than simple electronics. Reading through a series of hierarchical menus and pushing buttons for mul
18、tiple purposes would be new concepts for such customers.To come up with a suitable device, Motorola relied on a team of anthropologists, psychologists and designers to study how textually illiterate villagers use their aging televisions, tape players and phones. The researchers noticed that their su
19、bjects would learn each buttons dedicated function. With something more complicated, such as an automated teller machine, users would memorize a set of behaviors in order, which allowed them to move through the machines basic hierarchy without having to read the menu.The research, which lasted three
20、 years, led Motorola to craft a cellular phone slimmed down to three essential activities: calling, managing numbers and simple text messaging. “A lot of the functions in a cell phone are not useful to anyone,“ points out Gabriel White, who headed the interactive design team. The icon-based interfac
21、e also required thought.Not all cell phone companies believe that a design for nonliterate users should start from scratch. Nokias behavioral researchers noticed that “newbies“ rely on friends and relatives to help them with basic functions. Rather than confronting the challenge of a completely new
22、interface, Nokia chose to provide some audio menus in its popular 1100 model and a preview mode so that people could try out functions without the risk of changing anything important. Mobile phones may even become tools for literacy, predicts BJ Fogg, who studies computer-human interaction at Stanfo
23、rd University. Phones might teach the alphabet or tell a story as users read along. “Imagine if it eventually could understand your weak points and drill you on those,“ Fogg proposes. And soon enough, he declares, designs or illiterate users will lead to more straightforward, elegant phones for ever
24、yone.6 The difference between modem cell phones and old phones lies in that _.（A）it requires more intelligence and education to use modern cell phones（B） it takes more weeks to get familiar with modern cell phones（C） modern cell phones are more complicated with many functions（D）modern cell phones ar
25、e more mysterious tools for people7 The sales of mobile phones to poor rural areas may be impossible probably because most potential buyers _.（A）have difficulty with menus of multiple purposes（B） cannot accept new concepts of mobile phones（C） only read menus and push buttons of simple electronics（D）
26、do not like the marketing strategy of “plug and play“8 The researches held by Motorola showed that the textually illiterate villagers _.（A）were willing to use old machines with little functions（B） had to take some lessons to learn the new functions（C） could remember the major function of each button
27、（D）would avoid reading the hierarchy menus of the machine9 The slang term of “newbies“ (Para. 5) most probably means ._.（A）new students（B） newcomers（C） newborns（D）new webs10 Fogg believes that the future mobile phones could not _.（A）teach illiterates to learn alphabets（B） understand the users ideas
28、and points（C） help users exercise their languages（D）become more direct and elegant10 Dieting, according to an old joke, may not actually make you live longer, but it sure feels that way. Nevertheless, evidence has been accumulating since the 1930s that calorie restrictionreducing an animals energy i
29、ntake below its energy expenditureextends lifespan and delays the onset of age-related diseases in rats, dogs, fish and monkeys. Such results have inspired thousands of people toput up with constant hunger in the hope of living longer, healthier lives. They have also led to a search for drugs that m
30、imic the effects of calorie restriction without the pain of going on an actual diet.Amid the hype (intensive publicity), it is easy to forget that no one has until now shown that calorie restriction works in humans. That omission, however, changed this month, with the publication of the initial resu
31、lts of the first systematic investigation into the matter. This study, known as CALERIE (Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy), was sponsored by Americas National Institutes of Health. It took 48 men and women aged between 25 and 50 and assigned them randomly to
32、 either a control group or a calorie-restriction regime. Those in the second group were requir ed to cut their calorie intake for six months to 75% of that needed to maintain their weight.The CALERIE study is a landmark in the history of the field, because its subjects were either of normal weight o
33、r only slightly overweight. Previous projects have used individuals who were clinically obese, thus confusing the unquestionable benefits to health of reducing obesity with the possible advantages of calorie restriction to the otherwise healthy.At a molecular level, CALERIE suggests these advantages
34、 are real. For example, those on restricted diets had lower insulin resistance and lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. They showed drops in body temperature and blood-insulin levelsboth phenomena that have been seen in long-lived, calorie-restricted animals. They also suffered less
35、oxidative damage to their DNA.Eric Ravussin, of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, who is one of the studys authors, says that such results provide support for the theory that calorie restriction produces a metabolic adaptation over and above that which would be expected from weight loss alo
36、ne. Nevertheless, such metabolic adaptation could be the reason why calorie restriction is associated with longer lifespans in other animalsand that is certainly the hope of those who, for the past 15 years, have been searching for ways of triggering that metabolic adaptation by means other than sem
37、i-starvation.11 The evidence since the 1930s has inspired people to _.（A）live longer and healthier（B） invent a calorie-restricting drug（C） believe in calorie restriction（D）get rid of constant hunger12 Which of the following is true about the CALERIE study?（A）It proves that calorie restriction works
38、in humans.（B） It has 24 male subjects and the same number of female ones.（C） It is the first investigation into the effects of calorie restriction.（D）It lasted for six months and had the final results published.13 What makes the CALERIE study a significant one in the field?（A）It used the subjects of
39、 both genders and different ages.（B） It selected people of normal weight as the subjects.（C） It rectified the misconception of dieting.（D）It was systematic in research method and based on evidence.14 By saying “CALERIE suggests these advantages are real (Para. 4)“, the author is dealing with the res
40、ults of the study from a _.（A）general view（B） subjective view（C） macro view（D）micro view15 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _.（A）the metabolic adaptation solely resulted from weight loss（B） the metabolic adaptation can be achieved by dieting（C） semi-starvation was seen as an effective
41、 means for weight loss（D）people had no idea about the metabolic adaptation before CALERIE15 Labor is not just a meaningful experienceits also a marketable one. When instant cake mixes were introduced, in the 1950s, housewives were initially resistant: The mixes were too easy, suggesting that their l
42、abor was undervalued. When manufacturers changed the recipe to require the addition of an egg, adoption rose dramatically. Ironically, increasing the labor involvedmaking thetask more arduousled to greater liking.Research conducted with my colleagues Daniel Mochon, of Yale University, and Dan Ariely
43、, of Duke University, shows that labor enhances affection for its results. When people construct products themselves, from bookshelves to Build-a-Bears, they come to overvalue their (often poorly made) creations. We call this phenomenon the IKEA effect, in honor of the wildly successful Swedish manu
44、facturer whose products typically arrive with some assembly required.In one of our studies we asked people to fold origami (the Japanese art of folding paper into shapes representing objects) and then to bid on their own creations along with other peoples. They were consistently willing to pay more
45、for their own origami. In fact, they were so fond of their amateurish creations that they valued them as highly as origami made by experts.We also investigated the limits of the IKEA effect, showing that labor leads to higher valuation only when the labor is fruitful: When participants failed to com
46、plete an effortful task, the IKEA effect dissipated. Our research suggests that consumers may be willing to pay a premium for do-it-yourself projects, but theres an important caution: Companies hoping to persuade their customers to assume labor costsfor example, by nudging them toward self-service t
47、hrough internet channelsshould be careful to create tasks difficult enough to lead to higher valuation but not so difficult that customers cant complete them.Finally, the IKEA effect has broader implications for organizational dynamics: It contributes to the sunk cost effect, whereby managers contin
48、ue to devote resources to (sometimes failing) projects in which they have invested their labor, and to the not-invented-here syndrome, whereby they discount good ideas developed elsewhere in favor of their (sometimes inferior) internally developed ideas. Managers should keep in mind that ideas they
49、have come to love because they invested their own labor in them may not be as highly valued by their coworkersor their customers.16 Instant cake mixes is mentioned to _.（A）highlight the lifestyle in the 1950s（B） demonstrate how peoples labor was undervalued（C） stress the markets effect on human labor（D）illustrate that labor leads to love for its results17 What is true about the IKEA effect?（A）It refers to the phenomenon that people usually undervalue their creations.（B） It is put forward by the
