1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 236 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 At this point, most of us generally have a clue about the basics of staying in good healtheat well, exercise, dont drink too much and dont smoke. And pl
2、enty of research has been dedicated to exploring how failing on any of those fronts, or even more than one at a time, can be detrimental to overall health. Yet, for many people, those bad habits have a way of accumulating. And, ac-cording to a new study published this week in the Archives of Interna
3、l Medicine, their cumulative impact can be pretty grim. In an analysis of nearly 5,000 adults tracked for two decades, researchers found that stacking up these four bad habits can work together to prematurely age you by as much as 12 years.Looked at independently, the risky behaviors included smokin
4、g, a sedentary lifestyle, little consumption of fruit and vegetables and regular drinkingan average of three drinks per day for men, or two for women. When compared to people who had the most healthy habitsthose who never smoked, exercised at least two hours per week, ate plenty of fruits and vegeta
5、bles and didnt drink at all, or drank more moderately, those with all four bad habits had an increased risk of death equivalent to being 12 years older.In fact, the study authors say that compared with practicing none of these bad habits, the combined effect of all four behaviors tripled or even qua
6、drupled the risk of death. As the Associated Press points out: Overall, 314 people studied had all four unhealthy behaviors. Among them, 91 died during the study, or 29 percent. Among the 387 healthiest people with none of the four habits, only 32 died, or about 8 percent.Of course, while these find
7、ings are stark, the notion that individual unhealthy behaviors can join forces to have a cumulatively negative impact is not new. Responding to the findings, Dr. Walter Willett, the chair of the Department of Nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health, pointed out similar findings in the large
8、 scale Nurses Health Study. Still, Willet said that the simple, common sense steps that people can take to improve their overall health bear repeating, and studies that hammer home these correlations are indeed worthwhile. Referring to the new findings published this week, he wrote in an email to TI
9、ME, the “conclusions are profoundly important and worth replicating: healthy lifestyle practices that are modest and simplespecifically, not smoking, getting regular physical activity, eating a good diet and avoiding excessive alcohol consumptioncan profoundly affect our chances of living to an old
10、age.“1 The word “grim“ (Para, 1) most probably means _.（A）sustainable（B） durable（C） horrible（D）detectable2 The four risky behaviors will most probably cause _.（A）an increased mortality risk（B） an irreversible prematurity（C） a rising death toll（D）an unwholesome lifestyle3 Figures in the statements of
11、 the Associated Press are to show that _.（A）more than 25% of the people with all four unhealthy habits died（B） the cumulative effect of all four behaviors added to death risks（C） those with none of four unhealthy behaviors tend to live longer（D）its easy to distinguish those with four bad habits from
12、 those without4 According to Dr. Walter Willett, healthy lifestyle practices will most probably_.（A）reduce combined impact（B） be modestly repeated（C） be simple common senses（D）make us live longer5 Which of the following is true of the text?（A）Maintaining exercises will increase our chances of living
13、 to an old age.（B） The idea of combined effects of harmful behaviors is new to the public.（C） Drinking will be detrimental to peoples overall health just as smoking.（D）Avoiding certain behaviors will improve peoples overall physical condition.5 During the next several weeks I went completely to the
14、wolves. I took a tiny tent and set it up on the shore of bay. The big telescope was set up in the mouth of the tent in such a way that I could observe the wolves by day or nightQuite by accident I had pitched my tent within ten yards of one of the major paths used by the wolves. Shortly after I had
15、taken up residence, one of the wolves came back and discovered me and my tent, but he did not stop or hesitate in his pace. Later, one or more wolves used the track past my tent and never did they show the slightest interest in me. I felt uncomfortable at being so totally ignored. The next day I not
16、iced a male wolf make boundary markers by passing water on the rounds of his family lands.Once I had become aware of the strong feeling of property rights which existed among the wolves, I decided to use this knowledge to make them at least recognize my existence. One evening, after they had gone of
17、f for their regular nightly hunt, I staked out a property claim of my own, including a long section of the wolves path. In order to ensure that my claim would not be overlooked, I made a property mark on stones, dumps of moss, and patches of vegetation with a lot of tea. Before the hunters came back
18、, task was done, and I retired, somewhat exhausted, to observe results.A few minutes later the leading male appeared. As usual he did not bother to glance at the tent, but when he reached the point where my property line intersected the trail, he stopped as abruptly as if he had run into an invisibl
19、e wall.Cautiously he extended his nose and sniffed at one of my marked bushes. After a minute of hesitation he backed away a few yards and sat down. Then, he looked directly at the tent and at me.His glare seemed to become fiercer as I attempted to stare him down. The situation was becoming intolera
20、ble. To break the impasse I turned my back on the wolf. Then briskly, and with an air of decision, he turned his attention away from me and began a systematic tour of the area.I had staked out as my own. As he came to each boundary marker he sniffed it once or twice, then carefully placed his mark o
21、n the outside of mine.6 We can infer from this text that the author is most probably a_.（A）hunter（B） biologist（C） journalist（D）traveler7 Why did the wolves ignore the authors presence?（A）Because his tent was out of the wolves estate boundaries.（B） Because the author has just arrived at the spot.（C）
22、Because the wolves were too busy to notice him.（D）Because the wolves were afraid of strangers.8 According to the text, which of the following is true of the wolves?（A）The wolves do not start attacking humans unless irritated by humans.（B） The wolves go hunting at night and go back to the dens at daw
23、n.（C） The wolves do not rely on their sight to recognize boundaries.（D）The wolves mark their family boundaries by means of water.9 The phrase “break the impasse“ (Para. 5) is closest to the meaning “_“.（A）avoid being attacked（B） break the ice（C） trigger hostility（D）draw attention10 The author stakes
24、 out an area of his own mainly because he _.（A）thought it better to be stared at than to be ignored（B） didnt want the wolves to use the track past his tent（C） wanted the wolves to take notice of his existence（D）wanted to find out how fierce the wolfs glare was10 If youre like most people, youre way
25、too smart for advertising. You flip right past newspaper ads and never click on ads online. That, at least, is what we tell ourselves. But what we tell ourselves is nonsense. Advertising works, which is why, even in hard economic times, Madison Avenue is a $34 billion-a-year business. And if Martin
26、Lindstrom, author of the best seller Buyology and amarketing consultant, is correct, trying to tune this stuff out is about to get a whole lot harder.Lindstrom is a practitioner of neuro-marketing research, in which consumers are exposed to ads while hooked up to machines that monitor brain activity
27、, pupil dilation, sweat responses and flickers in facial muscles, all of which are markers of emotion. According to his studies, 83% of all forms of advertising principally engage only one of our senses: sight. Hearing, however, can be just as powerful, though advertisers have taken only limited adv
28、antage of it. Historically, ads have relied on jingles and slogans to catch our ear, largely ignoring everyday sounds. Weave this stuff into an ad campaign, and we may be powerless to resist it.To figure out what most appeals to our ear, Lindstrom wired up his volunteers, then played them recordings
29、 of dozens of familiar sounds, from McDonalds ubiquitous “Im Lovin It“ jingle to birds chirping and cigarettes being lit. The sound that blew the doors off all the restboth in terms of interest and positive feelingswas a baby giggling. The other high-ranking sounds, such as the hum of a vibrating ce
30、ll phone, an ATM dispensing cash, and etc, were less primal but still powerful.In all of these cases, it didnt take a Mad Man to invent the sounds, infuse them with meaning and then play them over and over until the subjects internalized them. Rather, the sounds already had meaning and thus triggere
31、d a cascade of reactions: hunger, thirst, happy anticipation.“Cultural messages that get into your nervous system are very common and make you behave certain ways,“ says neuroscientist Read Montague of Baylor College of Medicine. Advertisers who fail to understand that pay a price. Lindstrom admits
32、to being mystified by TV ads that give viewers close-up food-porn shots of meat on a grill but accompany that with generic jangly guitar music. One of his earlier brain studies showed that numerous regions, jump into action when such discordance occurs, trying to make sense of it. TV advertisers are
33、nt the only ones who may start putting sound to greater use, retailers are also catching on. Lindstrom is consulting with clients about employing a similar strategy in European supermarkets.11 According to Paragraph 1, advertising _.（A）is mainly seen in newspapers or online（B） has little effect on m
34、ost people（C） is affected by economic situation（D）has an impact hard to ignore12 Lindstroms studies imply that _.（A）only sight is needed for understanding advertising（B） advertisers regard hearing as powerful as sight（C） jingles and slogans can be very powerful in advertising（D）combining sight with
35、hearing can make ads more powerful13 According to Paragraph 3, which of the following sounds is the most powerful?（A）McDonalds “Im Lovin It“ jingle.（B） The sound of blowing open a door.（C） The giggling sound of a baby.（D）The hum of a vibrating cell phone.14 To take advantage of sounds in advertising
36、, its best to _.（A）invent meaningful sounds（B） use sounds already with associations（C） bestow sounds with meaning（D）play them repeatedly to gain meaning15 The last paragraph indicates the meaning of a sound originates from _.（A）cultural influences（B） advertisers reinforcement（C） our nervous system（D
37、）the sound itself15 Cambridge University closed down in the summer of 1665 when the plague broke out. Newton, a student there, went home to Lincolnshire. He stayed home for two years while the disease ran its course in the area around London. The 23-year-old Newton spent that time studying and layin
38、g the foundations for his greatest work, the Principia. One day he sat thinking in his garden, when anapple fell. Then he realized that the direction the apple fell, along with every other object on this round earth, was always toward Earths center. It wasnt just that the apple fell, but that it tri
39、ed to go to Earths center. That was Newtons eureka moment. He realized that Earth had drawn the apple to it. He realized that every object in the universe draws every other objectprobably in proportion to its mass. Newton didnt publish his Principia until 20 years later. But he formulated the Law of
40、 Universal Gravitation (LUG) there in his Lincolnshire garden. He showed us that was true of planets and moons as well.Now enters a surprising character. The person who popularized the apple story was none other than the well-known French writer and philosopher Voltaire. Due to his outspoken views,
41、in 1726 he was forcibly exiled to England where he spent the next three years. Newton died in 1727 so Voltaire would have been familiar with the many discoveries made by him. Voltaire was also acquainted with Newtons niece, Catherine Barton. Newton was a bachelor and she had agreed to manage his Lon
42、don home; therefore she would have been familiar with the apple story, which she related to Voltaire.Voltaire sided with Newton in Newtons bitter fights with Leibnitz. In Candide, Voltaire ridiculed Leibnitz. The character Dr. Pangloss, who went about insisting that we live in the “best of all possi
43、ble worlds“, was Voltaires version of Leibnitz.We might chalk Voltaires apple story up to “partisan license“. But if youve ever done anything creative, youll recognize the plausibility of the apple story. Youll remember your own moment when some small and commonplace event revealed a great truth to
44、you. Thats the way creativity works.16 According to Paragraph 1, which of the following is true of Newtons Principia?（A）Newton was motivated to write the Principia after he saw the apple fell.（B） The Law of Universal Gravitation was originally included in the Prineipia.（C） Newton began to form the i
45、dea of the Principia when he was a college student.（D）The Law of Universal Gravitation was formulated long before the Principia.17 We learn from Paragraph 2 that when Voltaire was in England, _.（A）he got to know Catherine Barton（B） he popularized the apple story（C） he began to hear of Newtons discov
46、eries（D）he went through Newtons death18 From Paragraph 3, we can infer that Dr. Pangloss is _.（A）one of Leibnitzs followers（B） a fictional figure in Voltaires book（C） the penname of Leibnitz（D）Voltaires enemy19 According to the author, the apple story is _.（A）fabricated（B） ridiculous（C） authentic（D）
47、reasonable20 The most appropriate title for this text could be _.（A）Voltaire and the Apple Story（B） Voltaire and Newton（C） The Controversy on the Apple Story（D）Newton and the Apple Story20 Man is bom free but is everywhere in debt. In the rich world, getting hold of your first credit card is a rite
48、of passage far more important for your daily life than casting your first vote. Buying your first home normally requires taking on a debt several times the size of your annual income. And even if you shun the temptation of borrowing to indulge yourself, you are still saddled with yourportion of the
49、national debt.Throughout the 1980s and 1990s a rise in debt levels accompanied the “great moderation“, when growth was steady and unemployment and inflation remained low. No longer did Western banks have to raise rates to halt consumer booms. By the early 2000s a vast international scheme of vendor financing had been created. Those who cautioned against rising debt levels were dismissed as doom-mongers; after all, asset prices were rising even faster, so balance-sheets look
