1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 2 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 The Sex InsulatesIts not unusual to see women in powerful jobs. Three of the last four secretaries of state have been women, and Supreme Court nominee Son
2、ia Sotomayor is getting more media attention for her ethnicity than for her gender. Yet in the science, technology, engineering and math labor force, XX still trails XY. Why?Women are 37 percent less likely than men to earn science-related bachelors degrees, and they hold only a quarter of the jobs
3、in the field. In a new paper titled “Sex and Science“, economists Scott Carrell, Marianne Page and James West offer one explanation: Some women lag in science not because theyre womenbut because their professors arent.In their study, published by the National Bureau of Economic Research, the authors
4、 examine the performance of nearly 9,500 Air Force Academy students who were randomly assigned to their professors between 2000 and 2008. They found that women tend to receive lower grades than similarly skilled men in their introductory math and science classes, but that this gap diminishes by two-
5、thirds when female students are taught by female professors. The change is more dramatic for women who arrived at the Air Force Academy with high aptitude in math; when their professors are women, the gap in their performance disappears altogether. Such women are also 26 percent more likely to go on
6、 to major in science-related fields if all their initial math and science professors, as opposed to none, are women.This is not a case of female professors with a soft spot for female students. Science and math grades are determined by standardized tests, and the impact of the teachers gender disapp
7、ears in English and history courses. Also, many female students excel with male science teachers. But overall, there is something special about women and teaching in science something the researchers cant fully explain. “Do female professors serve as role models?“ They ask. “Do they teach in ways th
8、at female students find more accessible?“ Carrell, Page and West say they need more data to find answers. Lets get a female number-cruncherwith a female instructor in her vaston the case.1 Supreme Court nominee Sonia Sotomayor gets more media interest for her ethnicity than for her_.2 Women only occ
9、upy_of the science-related jobs.3 The study shows that the gender gap lessens when female students are taught by_.4 Science and math grades are determined not by teachers but by_.5 Researchers still cannot completely know the reason for the problem about women and_.5 Garbage RecycleIn 1993, New York
10、 State ordered stores to charge a deposit on beverage containers. Within a year, consumers had returned millions of aluminum cans and glass and plastic bottles. Plenty of companies were eager to accept the aluminum and glass as raw materials for new products, but because few could figure out what to
11、 do with the plastic, much of it wound up buffed in landfills. The problem was not limited to New York. Unfortunately, there were too few uses for second hand plastic.Today, One out of five plastic soda bottles is recycled in the United States. The reason for the change is that now there are dozens
12、of companies across the country buying discarded plastic soda bottles and turning them into fence posts, paint brushes, etc.As the New York experience shows, recycling involves more than simply separating valuable materials from the rest of the rubbish. A discard remains a discard until somebody fig
13、ures out how to give it a second life, and until economic arrangements exist to give that second life value. Without adequate markets to absorb materials collected for recycling, throwaways actually depress prices for used materials.Shrinking landfill space, and rising costs for burying and burning
14、rubbish are forcing local governments to look more closely at recycling. In many areas, the East Coast especially, recycling is already the least expensive waste management option. For every ton of waste recycled, a city avoids paying for its disposal, which, in parts of New York, amounts to savings
15、 of more than $ 100 per ton. Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution control and energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material.6 The returned plastic bottles in New York used to_.（A）end up somewhere unde
16、rground（B） be turned into raw materials（C） have a second life value（D）be separated from other rubbish7 It can be concluded from the passage that_.（A）rubbish is a potential remedy for the shortage of racy materials（B） local governments in the U.S. can expect big profits from recycling（C） recycling is
17、 to be recommended both economically and environmentally（D）landfills will still be widely used for waste disposal7 “Cleverness“ Charged Barbed Wire NetCurrent Group, a Germantown-based technology firm, has taken over an ordinary looking house in Bethesda and turned it into a laboratory tor smart-gri
18、d technology, the system the company believes will bring the nations electricity grids into the digital age.In the front yard stands a utility pole hooked up to a special transformer that connects the power lines to high-speed Internet. Hundreds of sensors attached to the lines monitor how power flo
19、ws through the home That information is then sent back to the utility company.The process lets a utility more efficiently manage the distribution of electricity by allowing two-way communication between consumers and energy suppliers via the broadband network on the power lines. Based on data they r
20、eceive from hundreds of homes, utilities can monitor usage and adjust output and pricing mresponse to demand. Consumers can be rewarded with reduced rates by cutting back on consumption during peak periods. And computerized substations can talk to each other so overloaded circuits hand off electrici
21、ty to those that axe not fully loaded, helping to prevent blackouts.Some utility companies have launched initiatives to give consumers data about their energy consumption habits in an effort to lower energy bills. Smart-grid technology takes such programs further by automating electricity distributi
22、on, which would make grids more reliable and efficient.By partnering with utilities, the company hopes to tap into $4. 5 billion in stimulus grants intended to encourage smart-grid development. When he announced the funding, President Obama pointed to a project in Boulder, Colo. , as an example of a
23、 successful smart-grid experiment. Current is one of the companies working on the project.Currents chief executive Tom Casey believes the technology will help utility companies better distribute electricity produced by renewable resources, such as solar panels or wind farms. “A smart grids system ca
24、n be paired up with the renewable resources so that when the renewable source is varying, the overall load can be varied as well,“ Casey told the House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming. “This will re-dace or eliminate the need for backup coal or gas-based power generation p
25、lants. “8 Which of the following is a must for smart-grid technology to work?（A）The front yard of a house with a tall wooden pole.（B） A huge hook that can connect power lines together.（C） High-speed Internet access and Internet services.（D）Many monitors through which power flowing can be seen.9 What
26、 benefit can the smart-grid technology bring?（A）The electricity supply of a certain area can be adjusted accordingly.（B） The consumers and energy suppliers can have direct communication.（C） Consumers can be rewarded for using less electricity.（D）Substations can talk to each other through computers.1
27、0 Why is the system called “smart-grid“ technology?（A）Because with all the sensors and transformers, the equipment looks very modern.（B） Because the technology is making good use of computer intelligence.（C） Because with all the data, they can help the utilities make clever decisions.（D）Because the
28、consumers can have wise ideas on the usage of electricity.11 What does the phrase “tap into“ ( Line 2, Para. 5 ) mean?（A）To spend money like water.（B） To organize a smooth money flow.（C） To take advantage of the government money.（D）To absorb the money from shareholders.12 Whats the passage mainly ab
29、out?（A）A new technology is introduced into the nations electricity grids.（B） Computers and Internet bring utilities into digital age.（C） The U.S. government will work with a private electricity company.（D）Smart-grid technology will take the place of coal or gas-based power plant.12 The University Gr
30、aduation LeadsColleges are doing a poor job of graduating Hispanic students, no matter how selective their admissions policies, and even when they are designated as Hispanic-serving institutions, says a new report by the American Enterprise Institute. The report. “Rising to the Challenge. . Raising
31、Hispanic Graduation Rates as a National Priority.“ comes at a time when the Hispanic population in the United States is rapidly growing and the academic success of Hispanic students is seen as crucial to meeting President Obamas goal that the nation have the worlds highest proportion of college grad
32、uates by 2020.Across the country. 51 percent of Hispanic students who start college complete a bachelors degree in six years, compared with 59 percent of white students. That disparity holds true regardless of the ability of the students or the reputation of the colleges: Hispanic students graduate
33、at lower rates than do white students with similar academic backgrounds across similarly ranked colleges, from the nations least-selective institutions to its most-selective colleges and universities. Even many colleges that qualify as Hispanic-serving institutions -a federal designation that makes
34、them eligible for special funds from several agencies are graduating less than half of their Hispanic students, the report says.The authors of the report looked at graduation-rate data from the U.S. Department of Education at a variety of colleges. They grouped the institutions into six categories b
35、ased on how selective they are in admitting students, ranging from “noncompetitive“ to “most competitive“. When the researchers examined graduation rates among similarly selective colleges and universities, they found considerable variation from institution to institution in Hispanic students perfor
36、mance. That finding indicates that while student background is important, institutional practices also play a role, said Andrew P.Kelly, one of the reports authors and a research fellow at the American Enterprise Institute. The data “show quite clearly that colleges and universities cannot place all
37、 of the blame on students for failing to graduate“, Mr. Kelly said.The report questions whether the United States can achieve the presidents educational goal, given the overall low college completion rates of the growing Hispanic population. According to the U. S. Census Bureau 37 percent of the 44
38、million Hispanic U. S. residents are under the age of 20, and by 2020, Hispanics will make up 22 percent of the nations college-age population.13 President Obamas goal is to increase the nations rate of_to be the first in the world by 2020.14 Regardless of the ability of the students or the reputati
39、on of the colleges, white students graduate at_than Hispanic students do.15 Hispanic-serving institutions are qualified for_from several agencies.16 The authors of the report grouped the colleges into six categories in terms of_they are in admitting students.17 The lower graduation rate of Hispanic
40、students is due to_as well as student background.17 Marketing PlanOne of the most powerful strategic planning tools a business can possess is a marketing plan. Here is not referring to an academic exercise found in college marketing textbooks. Your marketing plan should be a simple (in some cases, o
41、ne-page) document that specifically answers who you are, what you do, who needs what you do and how you plan to attract their attention. Its a combination of the planning process and the completed action plan.Follow these seven simple steps to build the perfect marketing plan:Step 1: Narrow your mar
42、ket focus. Try to describe your ideal customer in the narrowest and most detailed terms possible, as though youre describing him or her to a referral(呈交) source.Step 2: Position your business. Figure out what you do best and what your target market wants. Maybe its how you serve a nich (服务群) or pack
43、age your products. If you dont know what it is, call up three or four of your clients and ask them why they buy from you. Craft a core marketing message that allows you to quickly differentiate your business.Step 3: Create education-based marketing materials. Recreate all your marketing materials, i
44、ncluding your website, to focus on education. Make certain every word in your marketing materials speaks of your core messages and to your target market.Step 4: Never cold call. Make sure all your advertising is geared toward creating prospects, not customers. You must find ways to educate before yo
45、u sell. Your target market needs to learn how you provide value in a way that makes them want to pay a premium for your services or products. You simply cant do this in a 3-inch-by-4-inch ad. Your ad must get viewers to ask for more information. Then you can proceed to selling. Determine all the way
46、s you can get your education-based messages in front of your narrowly defined target market.Step 5: Earn media attention. Create a list of journalists who cover your industry or community, and build relationships with each by becoming a reliable resource of information. Plan out an entire year of ne
47、w items you can promote by season or event.Step 6: Expect referrals. Create a referral marketing engine that systematically turns each client and referral network into a kind of unpaid sales pro. You must instill a referral marketing mind-set into your businesss culture. Do this by making every cust
48、omer a marketing and referral contact. Map every contact and build processes that focus on referrals.Step 7: Live by a calendar. After you complete steps 1 through 6. determine what you need to do to put them into action. Then create an annual marketing calendar, noting the required monthly, weekly
49、and daily appointments necessary to move your plan forward.18 What should a good marketing plan be like, according to the passage?（A）It is an academic and complex document.（B） It should follow the college marketing textbook.（C） its all about the ways to attract your target market.（D）It should include planning process and the completed action plan.19 How can you position your business?（A）Make a cold call to know about what your clients need.（B） M
