1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 302 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.
2、“Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,“ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit“ carries a negative implication.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researche
3、rs have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by co
4、nsciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we trythe more we step outside our comfort zonethe more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and our personal lives.But dont bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, theyr
5、e there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,“ says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind. “But we are taught instead to decide, just as our
6、president calls himself the Decider.“ She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.“All of us work through problems in ways of which we re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 disc
7、overed that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally(or collaboratively)and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have se
8、emed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief systemthat anyone can d
9、o anything,“ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will. and Ms. Markovas business partner. “Thats a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what youre good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.“ This is where developing new habits comes in.1 In
10、 Wordsworth s view, “habits“ is characterized by being（A）casual.（B） familiar.（C） mechanical.（D）changeable.2 Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of new habits can be（A）predicted.（B） regulated.（C） traced.（D）guided.3 The word “ruts“(Para .4)has closest meaning to（A）tracks.（B） series.（C
11、） characteristics.（D）connections.4 Dawna Markova most probably agree that（A）ideas are born of a relaxing mind.（B） innovativeness could be taught.（C） decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas.（D）curiosity activates creative minds.5 Ryans comments suggest that the practice of standard testing（A）preven
12、ts new habits form being formed.（B） no longer emphasizes commonness.（C） maintains the inherent American thinking model.（D）complies with the American belief system.5 On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona s immigration law Monday a modest policy victory for the Obama A
13、dministration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administrations effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions o
14、f Arizona s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization“ and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fas
15、hion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy Joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Courts liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the
16、field“ and Arizona had thus intruded on the federals privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verity the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. Thats because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforceme
17、nt and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting JusticeSamuel Alito and Clarence Thomasagreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major o
18、bjection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power“. Th
19、e White House argued that Arizonas laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively
20、 to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didnt want to carry out Co
21、ngresss immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.6 Three provisions of Arizonas plan were overturned because they（A）deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.（B） disturbed the power balance between different state
22、s.（C） overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.（D）contradicted both the federal and state policies.7 On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?（A）Federal officers duty to withhold immigrants information.（B） States independence from federal immigration law
23、.（C） States legitimate role in immigration enforcement.（D）Congress s intervention in immigration enforcement.8 It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts（A）violated the Constitution.（B） undermined the states interests.（C） supported the federal statute.（D）stood in favor of t
24、he states.9 The White House claims that its power of enforcement（A）outweighs that held by the states.（B） is dependent on the states support.（C） is established by federal statutes.（D）rarely goes against state laws.10 What can be learned from the last paragraph?（A）Immigration issues are usually decide
25、d by Congress.（B） Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.（C） Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.（D）The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.10 Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made ill
26、egal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advanta
27、ge over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning wi
28、th letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bushs predecessors(including his father)had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven
29、 heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged(Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chre tien and Koizumi). The worlds three top central bankers(Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami)are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As
30、 are the worlds five richest men(Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils
31、alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So shortsighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Ye
32、t the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally
33、having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.11 What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?（A）A kin
34、d of overlooked inequality.（B） A type of conspicuous bias.（C） A type of personal prejudice.（D）A kind of brand discrimination.12 What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?（A）In both East and West, names are essential to success.（B） The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoe Zysman.（C） Cu
35、stomers often pay a lot of attention to companies names.（D）Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.13 The 4th paragraph suggests that（A）questions are often put to the more intelligent students.（B） alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class.（C） teachers should pay at
36、tention to all of their students.（D）students should be seated according to their eyesight.14 What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ“(Para. 5)?（A）They are getting impatient.（B） They are noisily dozing off.（C） They are feeling humiliated.（D）They are busy with word puzzles
37、.15 Which of the following is true according to the text?（A）People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.（B） VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.（C） The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.（D）Putting things alphabetically may lead
38、 to unintentional bias.15 I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living rooma women s group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes,while his wife sat silently beside him on the cou
39、ch. Toward the end of the evening, I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands dont talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement He gestured toward his wife and said, “Shes the talker in our family.“ The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. “It s true,“
40、 he explained. “When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didnt keep the conversation going, wed spend the whole evening in silence.“This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this
41、 pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewedbut only a few of the mengave lack of communication as the reason
42、 for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every yeara virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as ha
43、ving given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking and social arrangements. Instead, they focused on communication: “He doesnt listen to me.“ “He doesnt talk to me.“ I found, as Hacker observed yea
44、rs before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a news
45、paper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.16 What is most wives main expectation of their husbands?（A）Talking to them.（B） Trusting them.（C） Supporting their careers.（D）Sharing housework.17 Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc“(Para. 2
46、)most probably means（A）generating motivation.（B） exerting influence.（C） causing damage.（D）creating pressure.18 All of the following are true EXCEPT（A）men tend to talk more in public than women.（B） nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation.（C） women attach much importance
47、 to communication between couples.（D）a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse.19 Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?（A）The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.（B） Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.（C） Husband and wife
48、 have different expectations from their marriage.（D）Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.20 In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focus on（A）a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk.（B） a detailed description of the stereotypical c
49、artoon.（C） other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S（D）a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker.考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 302 答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)【知识模块】 阅读1 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 细节题。文章第一段第二句中提到 We reach for them mindlessly，setting our brains on autopilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine意为：我们机械地按习惯形式：将大脑设定为自动导航，放松地进入由常规惯例带来的无意识的舒适状态。从这个表述中可以看出习惯的形成过程完全是一种无意识状态下的机械活动，因此 C 项 mechani
