1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 316 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal(fatherly)wisdomor at least confirm that hes the kids dad. All he ne
2、eds to do is shell out $30 for a paternity testing kit(PTK)at his local drugstoreand another $120 to get the results.More than 60, 000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fogg, chief operating officer of Identigene, whi
3、ch makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2, 500.Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and famil
4、ies can use to track down kids put up for adoption. DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogistsand supports businesses that offer to search for a familys geographic roots.Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testi
5、ng. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical. “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,“ says Troy Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many anc
6、estorsnumbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father s line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one
7、or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is comp
8、ared. Databases used by some companies dont rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a person s test results may differ depending on the comp
9、any that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.1 In Paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK s（A）easy availability.（B） flexibility in pricing.（C） successful promotion.（D）p
10、opularity with households.2 PTK is used to（A）locate one s birth place.（B） promote genetic research.（C） identify parent-child kinship.（D）choose children for adoption.3 Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to（A）trace distant ancestors.（B） rebuild reliable bloodlines.（C） fully use ge
11、netic information.（D）achieve the claimed accuracy.4 In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is（A）disorganized data collection.（B） overlapping database building.（C） excessive sample comparison.（D）lack of patent evaluation.5 An appropriate title for the text is most likely to
12、 be（A）Fors and Againsts of DNA Testing（B） DNA Testing and Its Problems（C） DNA Testing Outside the Lab（D）Lies Behind DNA Testing5 Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive
13、, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one
14、 wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we
15、 should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel s report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation an
16、d the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.“Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that its OK to keep pouring fumes into the a
17、ir until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But its obvious that a majori
18、ty of the presidents advisers still dont take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more researcha classic case of “paralysis by analysis“.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But
19、 research alone is inadequate. If the Administration wont take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Man
20、y see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.6 An argument made by supporters of smoking was that（A）there was no scientific evidence of
21、the correlation between smoking and death.（B） the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.（C） people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.（D）antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.7 According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as（A）a protector.（B
22、） a judge.（C） a critic.（D）a guide.8 What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis“(Para. 4)?（A）Endless studies kill action.（B） Careful investigation reveals truth.（C） Prudent planning hinders progress.（D）Extensive research helps decision-making.9 According to the author, what should the Admini
23、stration do about global warming?（A）Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.（B） Raise public awareness of conservation.（C） Press for further scientific research.（D）Take some legislative measures.10 The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because（A）they both suffered fr
24、om the government s negligence.（B） a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.（C） the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.（D）both of them have turned from bad to worse.10 Data has a habit of spreading. It slips past military security and it can also leak from WikiLeaks. It even sli
25、pped past the bans of the Guardian and other media organisations involved in this story when a rogue copy of Der Spiegel accidentally went on sale in Basle, Switzerland. Someone bought it, realised what they had, and began scanning the pages, translating them from German to English and posting up-da
26、tes on Twitter. It would seem digital data respects no authority, be it the Pentagon, WikiLeaks or a newspaper editor.Individually, we have all already experienced the massive changes resulting from digitisation. Events or information that we once considered momentary and private are now accumulated
27、, permanent, public. Governments hold our personal data in huge databases. It used to cost money to disclose and distribute information. In the digital age it costs money not to.But when data breaches happen to the public, politicians dont care much. Our privacy is expendable. It is no surprise that
28、 the reaction to these leaks is different. What has changed the dynamic of power in a revolutionary way isn t just the scale of the databases being kept, but that individuals can upload a copy and present it to the world.To some this marks a crisis, to others an opportunity. Technology is breaking d
29、own traditional social barriers of status, class, power, wealth and geographyreplacing them with an ethos of collaboration and transparency.Leaks are not the problem; they are the symptom. They reveal a disconnect between what people want and need to know and what they actually do know. The greater
30、the secrecy, the more likely a leak. The way to move beyond leaks is to ensure a strong managing system for the public to access important information.We are at a key moment where the visionaries in the leading position of a global digital age are clashing with those who are desperate to control wha
31、t we know. WikiLeaks is the guerrilla front in a global movement for greater transparency and participation. It used to be that a leader controlled citizens by controlling information. Now it s harder than ever for the powerful to control what people read, see and hear. Technology gives people the a
32、bility to band together and challenge authority. The powerful have long spied on citizens as a means of control, now citizens are turning their collected eyes back upon the powerful.This is a revolution, and all revolutions create fear and uncertainty. Will we move to a New Information Enlightenment
33、 or will the strong resistance from those who seek to maintain control no matter the cost lead us to a new totalitarianism ? What happens in the next five years will define the future of democracy for the next century, so it would be well if our leaders responded to the current challenge with an eye
34、 on the nature.11 The story about leak from WikiLeaks suggests that digital data is（A）getting used to leaking out.（B） immune to authority.（C） difficult to accumulate.（D）being disclosed for free.12 Politicians care much about the leak from WikiLeaks mainly because（A）it posed a threat to digitisation.
35、（B） it involved their own privacy.（C） it triggered the change of power.（D）it brought opportunities to them.13 The author s method to overcome leaks indicates that（A）a chain is no stronger than its weakest link.（B） it is better to guide than to block.（C） forbidden fruit is the sweetest.（D）it is bette
36、r to be late than never.14 In a global digital age, citizens are clashing with politicians on（A）the control over information.（B） the mastery of technology.（C） the participation of political activities.（D）the supervision of media content.15 According to the last paragraph, “enlightenment“ to “totalit
37、arianism“ can be described as（A）trusting information to “fearing information“.（B） publicizing informationto“centralizing information“.（C） embracing the challenge of digitalisationto“being frightened by digitalisation“.（D）being cost-oriented during digitalisation to “being result-oriented during digi
38、talisation“.15 The topic of cloning has been a politically and ethically controversial one since its very beginning. While the moral and philosophical aspects of the issues are entirely up to the interpretation of the individual, the application of cloning technology can be studied objectively. Many
39、 in the scientific community advocate the use of cloning for the preservation and support of endangered species of animals, which aside from cloning, have no other practical hope for avoiding extinction.The goal of the use of cloning to avoid extinction is the reintroduction of new genes into the ge
40、ne pool of species with few survivors, ensuring the maintenance and expansion of genetic diversity. Likely candidates for this technique are species known to have very few surviving members, such as the African Bongo Antelope, the Sumatran Tiger, and the Chinese Giant Panda. In the case of Giant Pan
41、da, some artificial techniques for creating offspring have already been performed, perhaps paving the way for cloning as the next step in the process.With the estimated population of only about 1, 000 Giant Pandas left in the world, the urgency of the situation has led to desperate measures. One pan
42、da was born through the technique of artificial insemination in the San Diego Zoo in the United States. “Hua Mei“ was born in 1999 after her parents, Hsing-Hsing and Ling-Ling, had trouble conceiving naturally.The plan to increase the Giant Panda population through the use of cloning involves the us
43、e of a species related to the Giant Panda, the American Black Bear. Egg cells will be removed from female black bears and then fertilized with Panda cells such as those from Ling-Ling or Hsing-Hsing. The fertilized embryo will then re-implanted into the black bear, where it will grow and mature, unt
44、il a new panda is delivered from the black bear host.Critics of cloning technology argue that the emphasis on cloning as a method by which to preserve species will draw funding away from other methods, such as habitat preservation and conservation. Proponents of cloning counter that many countries i
45、n which many endangered species exist are too poor to protect and maintain the species habitats anyway, making cloning technology the only practical way to ensure that those species survive to future generations. The issue is still hotly debated, as both sides weigh the benefits that could be achiev
46、ed against the risks and ethical concerns that constantly accompany any argument on the issue.16 The author raises the issue of ethical consideration in cloning in Paragraph 1 in order to（A）identify one of the main issues affecting the cloning controversy today.（B） identify the issues that will not
47、be addressed in the text.（C） draw the reader s attention to a sensitive issue that bears consideration in the topic of cloning.（D）reveal an area of interest that will be explored later in the text.17 The author directs attention to “Hua Mei“, the baby panda born in the San Diego Zoo, in order to（A）s
48、how that artificial birth techniques other than cloning have succeeded.（B） show that cloning as an artificial birth technique has succeeded.（C） demonstrate the necessity of cloning and other artificial birth techniques to the survival of certain species.（D）argue that pandas are a particularly likely
49、 candidate for cloning.18 The main purpose of Paragraph 4 is to（A）detail the process by which cloning in the panda population has been executed in the past.（B） guide the reader to consider the possibility of cloning in restoring the panda population.（C） demonstrate that the use of cloning to repopulate the panda species is a feasible goal.（D）inform the reader of how cloning would be carried out in the panda population.19 Paragraph 5 is written to（A）argue in favor of one side on a particularly controversial topic of cloning.（B） display both sides arguments
