1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 351 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 When one uses the scientific method to study or investigate nature or the universe, one is practicing scientific thinking. All scientists practice scienti
2、fic thinking, of course, since they are actively studying nature and investigating the universe by using the scientific method. But scientific thinking is not reserved solely for scientists.【F1】Anyone can “think like a scientist“ who learns the scientific method and, most importantly, applies its pr
3、ecepts, whether he or she is investigating nature or not.【F2】When one uses the methods and principles of scientific thinking in everyday lifesuch as when studying history or literature, investigating societies or governments, seeking solutions to problems of economics or philosophy, or just trying t
4、o answer personal questions about oneself or the meaning of existenceone is said to be practicing critical thinking. Critical thinking is thinking correctly for oneself that successfully leads to the most reliable answers to questions and solutions to problems. In other words, critical thinking give
5、s you reliable knowledge about all aspects of your life and society, and is not restricted to the formal study of nature.Some professionals in the humanities, social sciences, jurisprudence, business, and journalism practice critical thinking as well as any scientist, but many, alas, do not.【F3】Scie
6、ntists must practice critical thinking to be successful, but the qualifications for success in other professions do not necessarily require the use of critical thinking, a fact that is the source of much confusion, discord, and unhappiness in our society.The scientific method has proven to be the mo
7、st reliable and successful method of thinking in human history, and it is quite possible to use scientific thinking in other human endeavors. For this reason, critical thinking is being taught in schools throughout the United States, and its teaching is being encouraged as a universal ideal.【F4】The
8、important point is this: critical thinking is perhaps the most important skill a student can learn in school and college, since if you master its skills, you know how to think successfully and reach reliable conclusions, and such ability will prove valuable in any human endeavor, including the human
9、ities, social sciences, commerce, law, journalism, and government, as well as in scholarly and scientific pursuits.【F5】Since critical thinking and scientific thinking are, as I claim, the same thing, only applied for different purposes, it is therefore reasonable to believe that if one learns scient
10、ific thinking in a science class, one learns, at the same time, the most important skill a student can possesscritical thinking. This, to my mind, is perhaps the foremost reason for college Students to study science, no matter what ones eventual major, interest, or profession.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4
11、】5 【F5】5 Empirical evidence is evidence that one can see, hear, touch, taste, or smell; it is evidence that is susceptible to ones senses.【F1 】Empirical evidence is important because it is evidence that others besides yourself can experience, and it is repeatable, so empirical evidence can be checke
12、d by yourself and others.【F2】Empirical evidence is the only type of evidence that possesses these attributes and is therefore the only type used by scientists and critical thinkers to make vital decisions and reach sound conclusions.We can contrast empirical evidence with other types of evidence to
13、understand its value.【F3】Hearsay evidence is what someone says they heard another say; it is not reliable because you cannot check its source. Better is testimonial evidence, which, unlike hearsay evidence, is allowed in courts of law. But even testimonial evidence is notoriously unreliable, as nume
14、rous studies have shown. Courts also allow circumstantial evidence(e. g. , means, motive, and opportunity), but this is obviously not reliable.The most common alternative to empirical evidence, authoritarian evidence, is what authorities(people, books, billboards, television commercials, etc.)tell y
15、ou to believe. Sometimes, if the authority is reliable, authoritarian evidence is reliable evidence, but many authorities are not reliable, so you must check the reliability of each authority before you accept its evidence. In the end, you must be your own authority and rely on your own powers of cr
16、itical thinking to know if what you believe is reliably true. Transmitting knowledge by authority is, however, the most common method among humans for three reasons; first, we are all conditioned from birth by our parents through the use of positive and negative reinforcement to listen to, believe,
17、and obey authorities; second,【F4】it is believed that human societies that relied on a few experienced or trained authorities for decisions that affected all had a higher survival value than those that didnt, and thus the behaviorial trait of susceptibility to authority was strengthened and passed al
18、ong to future generations by natural selection; third, authoritarian instruction is the quickest and most efficient method for transmitting information we know about.【 F5】But remember: some authoritarian evidence and knowledge should be validated by empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and critica
19、l thinking before you should consider it reliable, and, in most cases, only you can do this for yourself.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 Scientists and critical thinkers always use logical reasoning. 【F1 】Logic allows us to reason correctly, but it is a complex topic and not easily learned; many b
20、ooks are devoted to explaining how to reason correctly, and we can not go into the details here. However, I must point out that most individuals do not reason logically, because they have never learned how to do so.【F2】Logic is not an ability that humans are born with or one that will gradually deve
21、lop and improve on its own, but is a skill or discipline that must be learned within a formal educational environment. Emotional thinking, hopeful thinking, and wishful thinking are much more common than logical thinking, because they are far easier and more congenial to human nature. Most individua
22、ls would rather believe something is true because they feel it is true, hope it is true, or wish it were true, rather than deny their emotions and accept that their beliefs are false.【F3】Often the use of logical reasoning requires a struggle with the will, because logic sometimes forces one to deny
23、ones emotions and face reality, and this is often painful. But remember this: emotions are not evidence, feelings are not facts, and subjective beliefs are not substantive beliefs. Every successful scientist and critical thinker spent years learning how to think logically, almost always in a formal
24、educational context. Some people can learn logical thinking by trial and error, but this method wastes time, is inefficient, is sometimes unsuccessful, and is often painful.【F4】The best way to learn to think logically is to study logic and reasoning in a philosophy class, take mathematics and scienc
25、e courses that force you to use logic, read great literature and study history, and write frequently. Reading, writing, and math are the traditional methods that young people learned to think logically(i. e. correctly), but today science is a fourth method. Perhaps the best way is to do a lot of wri
26、ting that is then reviewed by someone who has critical thinking skills.【F5】Most people never learn to think logically; many illogical arguments and statements are accepted and unchallenged in modern society often leading to results that are counterproductive to the good of society or even tragicbeca
27、use so many people dont recognize them for what they are.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 【F1】 When people tell me that they love animals because theyre feeling beings and then go on to abuse them, I tell them that Im glad they dont love me. Recognizing that animals have emotions is important b
28、ecause animals feelings matter. Animals are sentient beings experiencing the ups and downs of daily life, and we must respect this when we interact with them.【F2】While we obviously have much more to learn, what we already know should be enough to inspire changes in the way we treat other animals. We
29、 must not simply continue with the status quo because that is what weve always done and its convenient to do so. What we know has changed, and so should our relationships with animals. Quite often what we accept as “good welfare“ isnt “good enough“.Our relationship with other animals is a complex, a
30、mbiguous, challenging and frustrating affair, and we must continually reassess how we should interact with our nonhuman kin. Part of this reassessment involves asking difficult questions. Thus, I often ask researchers who conduct invasive work “Would you do that to your dog?“【F3】Some are startled to
31、 hear this question, but its a very important one to ask because if someone wont do something to their dog that they do daily to other dogs or to mice, rats, cats, monkeys, pigs, cows, elephants or chimpanzees, we need to know why.Humans have enormous power to affect the world any way we choose. Dai
32、ly, we silence sentience in innumerable animals in a wide variety of venues.【F4】However, we also know that were not the only sentient creatures with feelings, and with the knowledge that what hurts us hurts them comes the enormous responsibility and obligation to treat other beings with respect, app
33、reciation, and compassion.【F5】Theres no doubt whatsoever that, when it comes to what we can and cannot do to other animals, its their emotions that should inform our discussions and our actions on their behalf.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】20 Emotions are the gifts of our ancestors. We have the
34、m, and so do other animals. We must never forget this.Where does history end and current affairs begin? John Lewis Gaddis, who is often described as the dean of cold-war historians, has no doubts about his own special subject.【F1】To his students at Yale University, many of whom were still children w
35、hen the confrontation with the Soviets ended in 1989. he-writes, the cold war is “history: not all that different from the Peloponnesian War“. With a mixture of wistfulness and wonderment, Mr. Gaddis notes: “When I talk about Stalin and Truman, even Reagan and Gorbachev, it could as easily be Napole
36、on, Caesar or Alexander the Great. “It is partly in deference to a new generation that Mr. Gaddis has decided to write a fresh and admirably concise history of the cold war. With disarming frankness, he also admits that his agent had spotted a gap in the market. But Mr. Gaddis latest work avoids the
37、 obvious trap of simply being a summary of his earlier writings, the historians equivalent of a “Greatest Hits“ album.【F2】While the books that made Mr. Gaddis reputation, in particular his 1982 classic, “ Strategies of Containment“, necessarily concentrated on the American perspective, his latest wo
38、rk provides a much more rounded picture by drawing on the flood of information that has come out from the Soviet side since the end of the cold war. Mr. Gaddis recounts not only what Truman. Kennedy and Reagan were thinking, but also how Stalin, Khrushchev and Mikhail Gorbachev responded to the same
39、 events.The reader learns, for example, how close the Americans came to winning the Korean war and creating a united, pro-western Korea. At one point Stalin seemed resigned to the defeat of North Korea. Mr. Gaddis quotes him as “wearily“ remarking: “So what. Let it be. Let the Americans be our neigh
40、bours. “ The pro-western tide was turned only when Mao persuaded his own advisers that China must intervene, and sent 300,000 troops to support Kim II Sung.The American side of the cold war has been familiar for a long time. But even here Mr. Gaddis mastery of the material, his fluent style and eye
41、for the telling anecdote make his new work a pleasure.【F3 】The reader comes across plain speaking Harry Truman worrying privately about the need for a complete change in human nature if the nuclear age was not to be succeeded by the “insect age or an atmosphereless planet“. There is also the sleeple
42、ss Richard Nixon leaving the White House in the early hours of the morning to argue with anti-Vietnam-war demonstrators gathered under the Lincoln Memorial.【F4】As one of Americas leading historians, Mr. Gaddis has been consulted by President George Bush on several occasions -notably just before Mr.
43、Bush made his second inaugural speech in which he pledged to “end tyranny“ around the world. The admiration is mutual. Unusually for an Ivy League eminence, Mr. Gaddis hacked the Iraq war and praised the Bush administration for the boldness and vision of its foreign policy.【F5】And while he is too co
44、nscientious an historian to allow his political views to intrude upon his narrative of the cold war, a few minor passages hint at his real feelings: a trace of irritation in his account of General de Gaulles anti-Americanism and an obvious admiration for the clarity and simplicity of the ideas of Ro
45、nald Reagan.21 【F1】22 【F2】23 【F3】24 【F4】25 【F5】考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 351 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 阅读理解1 【正确答案】 任何人，无论是否研究自然界，只要学习科学方法，更重要的是，应用其规则，都能“ 像科学家一样思维 ”。【知识模块】 阅读理解2 【正确答案】 一个人在每日生活中，比如，学习历史或文学
46、时，研究社会或政府管理时，寻求解决经济学或哲学问题时，或者只是试图回答有关自己或人生意义等个人问题时，应用了科学思想方法和原则就可以说，他在进行严谨地思维。【知识模块】 阅读理解3 【正确答案】 科学家的思维必须严谨才能取得成功。但是，在其他行业取得成功并不一定要求具备严谨思维能力。这个事实是造成社会中许多混乱、分歧和烦恼的根源。【知识模块】 阅读理解4 【正确答案】 关键在于：严谨思维或许是学生在学校中能够学会的最重要技能。因为，如果你掌握了这种技能，你就知道如何正确思考问题并得出可靠结论；这种能力不仅在学术和科学研究领域，而且在人类活动的任何领域，包括人文学科、社会科学、商业、法律、新闻，
47、以及政府管理等，都极其宝贵。【知识模块】 阅读理解5 【正确答案】 正如我所说，严谨思维和科学思维是同一回事，只是用于解决不同问题。因此，有理由认为，如果一个人在科学课上学会了科学思维，那么，与此同时，也就学会了一个学生应该具备的最重要技能严谨思维能力。【知识模块】 阅读理解【知识模块】 阅读理解6 【正确答案】 经验证据很重要。这是因为，经验证据是一种除你之外其他人也能体验的证据；而且，经验证据是可重复的，你自己和其他人都能对其进行检验。【知识模块】 阅读理解7 【正确答案】 只有经验证据具备这些特性。因此科学上作者和严谨思考的人在做重大决定和归纳可靠结论时，只使用经验证据。【知识模块】 阅
48、读理解8 【正确答案】 非直接证据指某人说自己听到的别人所说的话。非直接证据不可靠，因为无法检验其来源。经鉴定的证据比较好。与非直接证据不同，在法律上，经鉴定的证据可以用做庭证。【知识模块】 阅读理解9 【正确答案】 人类社会依靠少数有经验的或经过培养的权威人士做出影响所有人的决定。大家认为，这样的社会更容易延续下去。而且认为，听信权威的行为特征，在自然选择过程中，被强化并一代代地流传下去。【知识模块】 阅读理解10 【正确答案】 但是，请记住：某些权威性的证据和知识，首先应该经受经验证据、逻辑推理和严密思考的检验，然后才能认为其可靠；而且，在大多数情况下，只有你自己才能做到这一点。【知识模块
49、】 阅读理解【知识模块】 阅读理解11 【正确答案】 逻辑能帮助我们止确思考。但是，逻辑是一门复杂的学问，并非轻易就能掌握。有很多专门解释如何正确思考的书籍，此处不便详述。【知识模块】 阅读理解12 【正确答案】 逻辑不是人生来就有的能力，也不是逐渐自然而然就能养成并提高的能力而是一种必须在正规的教育环境中才能学会的技能或修炼。【知识模块】 阅读理解13 【正确答案】 进行逻辑思考往往需要与自己的意愿做较量因为有时逻辑迫使人否定自己的情感，必须正视现实，这往往很痛苦。【知识模块】 阅读理解14 【正确答案】 学会逻辑思考的最佳途径包括：在哲学课上学习逻辑和推理、修读必须进行逻辑思考的数理课程、阅读文学巨著并研究历史，以及经常写作。【知识模块】 阅读理解15 【正确答案】 大多数人根本不学逻辑思考。在当代社会中，许多不合逻辑的论证和观点得到承认，没有受到质疑，原因在于那么多人根本不了解其实质，其结果往往危害社会利益甚至带来灾难。【知识模块】 阅读理解【知识模块】 阅读理解16 【正确答案】 当有人对我说，他们喜爱动物是因为动物有情感，然后又虐待动物，我就对他们说，幸亏他们不喜欢我。【知识模块】 阅读理解17 【正确答案】 虽然关于动物还有许多知识有待我们去学习，不过我们对动物的已有了解足以促使我们
