1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 352 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 But the real world eventually penetrates even the ivory tower. Exactly how humanity became human is still a matter of debate. But there are. at least, som
2、e well-formed hypotheses.【F1 】 What these hypotheses have in common is that they rely not on Spencers idea of individual competition, but on social interaction. That interaction is. indeed, sometimes confrontational and occasionally bloody. But it is frequently collaborative, and even when it is not
3、. it is more often manipulative than violent.Modern Darwinisms big breakthrough was the identification of the central role of trust in human evolution. People who are related collaborate on the basis of nepotism.【F2】It takes outrageous profit or provocation for someone to do down a relative with who
4、m they share a lot of genes. Trust, though. allows the unrelated to collaborate, by keeping score of who docs what when, and punishing cheats.Very few animals can manage this. Indeed, outside the primates, only vampire bats have been shown to trust non relatives routinely.【F3】(Well-fed bats will giv
5、e some of the blood they have swallowed to hungry neighbours, but expect the favour to be returned when they are hungry and will deny favours to those who have cheated in the past.)【F4】The human mind, however, seems to have evolved the trick of being able to identify a large number of individuals an
6、d to keep score of its relations with them, delecting the dishonest or greedy and taking vengeance, even at some cost to itself. This process may even beas Matt Ridley, who wrote for this newspaper a century and a half after Spencer, described itthe origin of virtue.The new social Darwinists(those w
7、ho see society itself, rather than the savannah or the jungle, as the “natural“ environment in which humanity is evolving and to which natural selection responds)have not abandoned Spencer altogether, of course. But they have put a new spin on him. The ranking by wealth of which Spencer so approved
8、is but one example of a wider tendency for people to try to out-do each other. And that competition, whether athletic, artistic or financial, does seem to be about genetic display.【F5】Unfakeable demonstrations of a superiority that has at least some underlying genetic component arc almost unfailingl
9、y attractive to the opposite sex. Thus both of the things needed to make an economy work, collaboration and competition, seem to have evolved under Charles Darwin s penetrating gaze.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 【F1】Ever since the mid-1980s, when OPECs attempts to keep the oil price high collapsed
10、 in the face of rising supply, only war has been potent enough to lift the price hack to the levels of the 1970s. The difference today from the last era of high prices, says Tom Collina, of 20/20 Vision, an environmentalist group, is that “oil producers are pumping as fast as they can, but cannot ke
11、ep pace with demand“.The robust economic growth of America, coupled with industrial revolutions in China and India, has helped to ensure a very different market for energy.【F2】The world got used to relying on spare capacity of a few million b/d in Saudi Arabia that could always cap price spikes in a
12、n emergency(it did just that in the first Gulf war and again during an oil-workers strike in Venezuela in 2003). Hut demand has steadily eaten away reserves and investment has failed to keep up. In the tight markets for energy since 2004, some identified a “fear premium“ of $ 10-15 a barrel reflecti
13、ng the threat of lost supply. Even slower demand growth in 2005 did little to lower prices.【F3】The tightness of capacity extends into refining and gas supply, leaving consumers vulnerable to any external shockssuch as the two hurricanes, Katrina and Rita, which hit the Gulf of Mexico in the autumn.
14、The hurricanes put a dozen oil refineries accounting for 16% of U. S. capacity temporarily out of action. American refining fell to its lowest level since March 1987, according to Petroleum Economist. The price of petrol rose above $ 3 a gallona level shockingly high to Americans, cheap as it might
15、seem to Japanese or Europeans. Democrats accused the oil companies of price gouging, while Republicans argued for an easing of environmental laws restricting oil drilling and refinery building.All this makes it a producers world, which no one has exploited as gleefully as Hugo Chavez. Venezuelas pre
16、sident has always believed in oil as a tool of geopolitics, to be used against American “imperialism“. In 2004 he unilaterally raised the royalties on super-heavy crude production in the Orinoco belt from 1% to 16. 6%and may yet increase it to 30%. In 2005 he increased the tax rate paid by the forei
17、gn oil companies from 34% to 50% , and then hit them with huge bills for unpaid “back taxes“.【F4】 The latest of his measures was to insist on the 22 foreign companies operating service contracts to switch, by December 31st 2005, to joint-ventures, in which the government would hold the lions share.
18、All but Exxon Mobil eventually did so.Strangely, perhaps, consumers can learn a comforting lesson from all this. For all his mischief-making, even a populist like Mr. Chavez has never looked like cutting supplies to what Venezuela calls its “fundamental market“ in America. America would notice a cut
19、 in Venezuelan supplies, which normally account for about 12-13% of its imports. Rut it could always buy oil on the world market. Venezuela would be worse hit.【F5】It would be hard-pressed to find other markets for about half of its production, especially since most of its crude is high in sulphur an
20、d unsuitable for most refineries.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 At the moment, mobile TV is mostly streamed over 3G networks. But sending an individual data stream to each viewer is inefficient and will be unsustainable in the long run if mobile TV takes off.【F1】So the general consensus is that 3
21、G streaming is a prelude to the construction of dedicated mobile-TV broadcast networks, which transmit digital TV signals on entirely different frequencies to those used for voice and data. There are three main standards: DVB-H, favoured in Europe; DMB. which has been adopted in South Korea and Japa
22、n; and MediaFLO, which is being rolled out in America. Watching TV using any of these technologies requires a TV capable handset, of course. Although several new models were unveiled in has Vegas this week, no such handsels are yet available in Europe or America, and few in Asia.In contrast, watchin
23、g downloaded TV programmes on an iPod or other portable video player is already possible today.【F2】And unlike a programme streamed over 3G or broadcast via a dedicated mobile-TV network, shows stored on an iPod can be watched on an underground train or in regions with patchy network coverage. That s
24、uggests that some shows(such as drama)better suit the download model, while others(such as live news, sports or reality shows)are better suited to real-time transmission, notes Michelle de Lussanet of Forrester, a consultancy. The two approaches will probably co-exist. Future iPods may be able to re
25、ceive real-time broadcasts, while mobile handsets will be able to store broadcast content or download it from PCs or PVRs for later viewing.Just as there are several competing mobile-TV technologies, there are also many possible business models.【F3】Mobile operators might choose to build their own mo
26、bile-TV broadcast networks; or they could form a consortium and build a shared network; or existing broadcasters could build such networks. Some channels will be given away for free, while others are for paying subscribers only. The outcome will vary from country to country, depending on the regulat
27、ory environment and the availability of spectrum.The big question is whether the broadcasters and mobile operators can agree how to divide the spoils, assuming there are any.【F4 】Broadcasters own the content, but mobile operators generally control the handsets, and they do not always see eye to eye.
28、【F5】In South Korea, a consortium of broadcasters launched a free-to-air DMB network last month, but the countrys mobile operators were reluctant to provide their users with handsets able to receive the broadcasts, since they were unwilling to undermine the prospects for their own subscription-based
29、mobile-TV services.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 Science, being a human activity, is not immune to fashion.【F1】For example, one of the first mathematicians to study the subject of probability theory was an English clergyman called Thomas Bayes, who was born in 1702 and died in 1761. His idea
30、s about the prediction of future events from one or two examples were popular for a while, and have never been fundamentally challenged.【F2】But they were eventually overwhelmed by those of the “frequentist“ school, which developed the methods based on sampling from a large population that now domina
31、te the field and are used to predict things as diverse as the outcomes of elections and preferences for chocolate bars.Recently, however, Bayess ideas have made a comeback among computer scientists trying to design software with human like intelligence. Bayesian reasoning now lies at the heart of le
32、ading internet search engines and automated “help wizards“. That has prompted some psychologists to ask if the human brain itself might be a Bayesian-reasoning machine.【F3】They suggest that the Bayesian capacity to draw strong inferences from sparse data could be crucial to the way the mind perceive
33、s the world, plans actions, comprehends and learns language, reasons from correlation to causation, and even understands the goals and beliefs of other minds.【F4】These researchers have conducted laboratory experiments that convince them they are on the right track, but only recently have they begun
34、to look at whether the brain copes with everyday judgments in the real world in a Bayesian manner. In research to be published later this year in Psychological Science , Thomas Griffiths of Brown University in Rhode Island and Joshua Tenenbaum of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology put the ide
35、a of a Bayesian brain to a quotidian test. They found that it passes with flying colours.The key to successful Bayesian reasoning is not in having an extensive, unbiased sample, which is the eternal worry of frequentists, but rather in having an appropriate “prior“, as it is known to the cognoscenti
36、.【F5】This prior is an assumption about the way the world worksin essence, a hypothesis about realitythat can be expressed as a mathematical probability distribution of the frequency with which events of a particular magnitude happen.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】20 The field of development econ
37、omics is concerned with the causes of underdevelopment and with policies that may accelerate the rate of growth of per capita income.【F1】While these two concerns are related to each other, it is possible to devise policies that are likely to accelerate growth without fully understanding the causes o
38、f underdevelopment.Studies of both the causes of underdevelopment and of policies and actions that may accelerate development are undertaken for a variety of reasons.【F2 】There are those who are concerned with the developing countries on humanitarian grounds; that is, with the problem of helping the
39、 people of these countries to attain certain minimum material standards of living in terms of such factors as food, clothing, shelter, and nutrition. For them, low per capita income is the measure of the problem of poverty in a material sense. The aim of economic development is to improve the materi
40、al standards of living by raising the absolute level of per capita incomes. Raising per capita incomes is also a staled objective of policy of the governments of all developing countries. For policymakers and economists attempting to achieve their governments objectives, therefore, an understanding
41、of economic development, especially in its policy dimensions, is important.【F3】Finally, there are those who are concerned with economic development either because they believe it is what people in developing countries want or because they believe that political stability can be assured only with sat
42、isfactory rates of economic growth. These motives are not mutually exclusive.Those who are concerned with political stability tend to see the low per capita incomes of the developing countries in relative terms; that is, in relation to the high per capita incomes of the developed countries.【F4】For t
43、hem, even if a developing country is able to improve its material standards of living through a rise in the level of its per capita income, it may still be faced with the more intractable subjective problem of the discontent created by the widening gap in the relative levels between itself and the r
44、icher countries.【F5 】Although there was once in development economics a debate as to whether raising living standards or reducing the relative gap in living standards was the true desideratum of policy, experience during the 1960-80 period convinced most observers that developing countries could, wi
45、th appropriate policies, achieve sufficiently high rates of growth both to raise their living standards fairly rapidly and to begin closing the gap.21 【F1】22 【F2】23 【F3】24 【F4】25 【F5】考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 352 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments
46、into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 阅读理解1 【正确答案】 这些假说的共同点在于它们不是依赖斯宾塞有关个体之间竞争的观点，而是依赖社会交往互动。【知识模块】 阅读理解2 【正确答案】 为了无耻地获得利益或者为了挑衅，有的人欺骗与自己享有许多共同遗传基因的亲戚。不过，彼此信任使得没有亲戚关系的人相互合作，他们靠的是记住谁在什么时候做过什么事，并且惩罚欺骗行为。【知识模块】 阅读理解3 【正确答案】 (吸饱了血的蝙蝠会把自己吞下的血吐一些给饥饿的邻居吸，不过指望自己饥饿时能得到回报，决不会让那些过去欺骗过自己的蝙蝠得到好处。)【知识模块】 阅读理解4 【正确答案】
47、但是，人的头脑似乎已经进化到很高级的程度，获得了诀窍能够识别许多个体，而且能记住和他们的关系，去察觉那些不诚实或贪婪的人进行报复，甚至不惜自己付出代价。【知识模块】 阅读理解5 【正确答案】 一个人的卓越才能至少受到某些潜在的遗传因素影响。真实地、毫无作假地表现自己的卓越才能对异性几乎总有强大的吸引力。因此，使经济得以运转所需的因素中，合作和竞争这两大因素看来是在查尔斯达尔文的敏锐凝视中进化而来的。【知识模块】 阅读理解【知识模块】 阅读理解6 【正确答案】 20 世纪 80 年代中期，由于石油供给增多，石油输出国组织试图保持高油价的努力以失败告终。从那时起，只有战争才有足够的力量把油价提升到
48、70 年代的水平。【知识模块】 阅读理解7 【正确答案】 世界习惯于依赖沙特阿拉伯每天几百万桶的额外供油能力。在紧急时总能抑制住价格峰值(在第一次海湾战争时，就起到了这个作用。在 2003 年委内瑞拉石油工人罢工时又一次起了作用)。【知识模块】 阅读理解8 【正确答案】 产能紧张延伸到石油精炼和汽油供应，使消费者经受不起任何外来的冲击比如，去年秋天袭击墨西哥湾的两次飓风，卡特里娜和丽塔，所造成的冲击。【知识模块】 阅读理解9 【正确答案】 雨果查维兹总统采取最新措施，坚持在 2005 年 12 月 31 日以前把 22 家外国公司控股的服务业合同转变为合资，其中，政府要享有最大份额。除埃克森美
49、孚公司外，其他公司最终都照办了。【知识模块】 阅读理解10 【正确答案】 委内瑞拉生产的石油，大约有一半难以找到其他市场，特别是由于其大部分原油中硫的含量过高，不适合大多数石油精炼厂。【知识模块】 阅读理解【知识模块】 阅读理解11 【正确答案】 因此，人们一致认为，使用第三代通信网络传送是建设专用移动电视广播网的序幕。专用移动电视广播网用完全不同的频率把数字电视信号传送到用于接收语音和数据的设备上来。【知识模块】 阅读理解12 【正确答案】 而且，与第三代通信网络传送的节目或者专用移动电视广播网播放的节目不同，在 iPod 播放器上存储的节目可以在地铁或网络信号差的地区观看。【知识模块】 阅读理解13 【正确答案】 移动运营商可能会决定自建移动电视广播网，或结盟建设合用广播网；现有的电视广播公司也可能自建这样的网络。【知识模块】 阅读理解14 【正确答案】 电视广播公司拥有节目，而一般由移动运营商控制接收没备，二者的意见常有分歧。【知识模块】 阅读理解15 【正确答案】 在韩国，电视广播公司联盟上月开始启用开放式的 DMB 标准移动电视广播网。但是韩国的移动运营商拒绝为用户提供能够接收这种电视广播的接收机，这是因为他们不愿损害自己的以订户为基础的移动电视服务的前景。【知识模块】 阅读理解【知识模块】 阅读理
