1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 354 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Determining the most effective way to deter deliberate crimes, such as fraud, as opposed to impulsive crimes, such as crimes of passion, is a problem cu
2、rrently being debated in the legal community. On one side of the debate aye those scholars who believe that deliberate crimes are a product of the influence of societal norms and institutions on individuals. These scholars suggest that changing peoples beliefs about crime, increasing the access of t
3、he most economically alienated individuals to economic institutions, and rehabilitating those convicted of this type of crime will reduce the crime rate. On the other side are those legal scholars who believe that the decision to commit a deliberate crime is primarily the result of individual choice
4、. They suggest that increasing the fines and penalties associated with criminal activity, along with efficacious law enforcement is the best deterrence method. However, some recent legal scholarship has changed the nature of this debate by introducing an economic principle that shows that these two
5、positions, far from being antithetical, are surprisingly complementary.The economic principle that reconciles the two positions is that of utility maximization, which holds that, given a choice of actions, rational individuals will choose the action that maximizes their anticipated overall satisfact
6、ion, or expected utility. The expected utility of an action is ascertained by determining the utilities of the possible outcomes of that action, weighing them according to the likelihood of each outcomes coming to pass, and then adding up those weighted utilities. Using this economic framework, an i
7、ndividuals decision to commit a crime can be analyzed as a rational economic choice.According to the utility maximization principle a person who responds rationally to economic incentives or disincentives will commit a crime if the expected utility from doing so, given the chance of getting caught,
8、exceeds the expected utility from activity that is lawful. Within this framework the two crime-deterrence methods have the same overall effect. For instance, the recommendations on one side of the crime deterrence debate to increase penalties for crimes and strengthen law enforcement result in an in
9、creased likelihood of detection and punishment and impose an increased cost to the individual if detected and punished. This lowers the expected utility from criminal activity, thereby making a person less likely to choose to commit a deliberate crime. The recommendations on the other side of the de
10、bate, such as increasing the economic opportunities of individuals most alienated from economic institutions, also affect the utility equation. All else being equal, these types of policies will effectively increase the expected utility from lawful activity. This economic analysis demonstrates that
11、the two positions are not fundamentally in conflict and that the optimal approach to crime deterrence would include elements of both deterrence strategies.1 The word “deter“(Line 1, Paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to_.（A）discourage（B） deny（C） prohibit（D）authorize2 The author mentions “crimes of pa
12、ssion“ in line 2 primarily in order to_.（A）give an example of a kind of deliberate crime（B） provide a contrast that helps to define a deliberate crime（C） demonstrate that not all crimes can be deterred（D）help illustrate one side of the current debate in the legal community3 According to the passage,
13、 the relations between the two positions in the debate are_.（A）antithetical（B） contradictory（C） complementary（D）identical4 Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?（A）Two sides of a debate are described and a general principle is used to resolve the confli
14、ct between them.（B） Two sides of a debate are described and an economic principle is applied to decide between them.（C） Two beliefs are described and a principle is introduced to discredit them.（D）A general principle is described and used to highlight the differences between two sides in a debate.5
15、The passage suggests that the author would be likely to agree with each of the following statements EXCEPT:（A）The rate of deliberate crimes is likely to increase if the access of individuals to economic institutions decreases.（B） The rate of deliberate crimes will tend to vary inversely with the lev
16、el of law enforcement.（C） The rate at which criminals return to criminal activity is likely to increase if efforts to rehabilitate them are ended.（D）The rate of deliberate crimes is likely to decrease if the expected utility of lawful activities decreases.5 A latest study suggest that expressing emo
17、tions about a traumatic experience in a coherent way may be important to not just mental but physical health as well. It showed that the calming effect of writing can cut physical wound healing time nearly in half.Researchers led by Elizabeth Broadbent, a senior lecturer in health psychology at the
18、University of Auckland in New Zealand, studied 49 healthy senior citizens, aged 64 to 97. For three days, half were assigned to write for 20 minutes a day about the most traumatic event they had experienced, and were encouraged to be as open and candid as they could. The other participants wrote for
19、 the same duration about their plans for the next day, avoiding mentioning their feelings, opinions or beliefs. Two weeks after the first day of writing, researchers took small skin biopsies, under local anesthesia, that left a wound on the arms of all participants. The skin tissue was used for anot
20、her study. A week later, Broadbent and her colleagues started photographing the wounds every three to five days until they were completely healed. Eleven days after the biopsy, 76% of the group that had written about trauma had fully healed while only 42% of the other group had.However, its not the
21、first, to reveal the intriguing connection between state-of-mind and physical health. In previous studies, this type of emotionally expressive writing, as opposed to writing on neutral topics, reduced viral load in HIV-positive patients and increased their levels of virus-fighting immune cells. The
22、practice also increased the effectiveness of the hepatitis B vaccination by increasing antibody levels generated by the vaccine and speeding wound healing in young men.But in terms of psychological health, the results are more conflicting. A recent study found that writing about disturbing combat ex
23、periences may improve marital satisfaction among soldiers returning home from war zones while another paper in which patients with post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)wrote about their difficult experiences did not find that the practice reduced symptoms. Putting emotions down in words did, however,
24、 improve mood and reduce levels of stress hormone in these patients.One way that writing about distressing events could give the body a boost is by promoting sleep. “Many people who have written about their negative experiences report that it allowed them to gain greater insight into what happened a
25、nd to put the event into perspective,“ says Koschwanez, “This might reduce the extent to which the event troubles them and possibly improve their sleep. “The writing may also help the body by reducing stress; less anxiety means fewer stress hormones, which can interfere with chemicals needed for wou
26、nd healing. While Broadbents study did not find such a link, its possible the researchers were not evaluating the right anxiety measures. “It might be that our perceived stress questionnaire was not assessing the right type or duration of stress,“ says Koschwanez, a study co-author and postdoctoral
27、fellow at the University of Auckland.Its also possible that emotional writing is not helpful for everyone. In one study published last month, when people who typically are stoic wrote about their worst trauma, their anxiety actually increased. That suggests that pushing people to express feelings wh
28、en they are not inclined to do so can actually increase risk for PTSD.6 Which one of the following is not an example that the author cites in the passage to support the view that emotionally expressive writing can improve physical health?（A）the calming effect of writing fastened healing after resear
29、chers took small skin biopsies and left a wound on the arms of two groups of people.（B） emotionally expressive writing reduced viral load in HIV-positive patients and increased their levels of virus-fighting immune cells.（C） emotionally expressive writing increased the effectiveness of the hepatitis
30、 B vaccination by increasing antibody levels generated by the vaccine and speeding wound healing in young men.（D）writing about disturbing combat experiences may improve marital satisfaction among soldiers returning home from war zones.7 By citing the example that patients with post-traumatic stress
31、disorder(PTSD)did not find their symptoms reduced through writing, the author intended to_.（A）argue that emotionally expressive writing can improve physical health（B） prove that emotionally expressive writing does not always improve psychological health（C） illustrate that post-traumatic stress disor
32、der(PTSD)is the most difficult psychological disease to treat（D）show that the calming effect of writing can not cut psychological wound healing time nearly in half8 According to the passage, emotionally expressive writing can promote physical health by_.（A）promoting sleep and reducing stress（B） redu
33、cing stress hormones and toxins in the body（C） curing insomnia（D）increasing chemicals needed for wound healing9 Reducing stress is helpful for physical health because_.（A）less stress means greater insight into what happened and to put the event into perspective（B） it can improve mood（C） it can impro
34、ve marital satisfaction:（D）stress hormones can interfere with chemicals needed for wound healing10 The underlined word “stoic“ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to_.（A）stereotyped（B） enthusiastic（C） impassive（D）dull10 It is commonly assumed that even if some forgeries have aesthetic merit,
35、 no forgery has as much as an original by the imitated artist would. Yet even the most prominent art specialists can be duped by a talented artist turned forger into mistaking an almost perfect forgery for an original. For instance, artist Han van Meegeren s The Disciples at Emmaus(1937)painted unde
36、r the forged signature of the acclaimed Dutch master Jan Vermeer(1632 1675)attracted lavish praise from experts as one of Vermeers finest works. The painting hung in a Rotterdam museum until 1945, when, to the great embarrassment of the critics; van Meegeren revealed its origin. Astonishingly, there
37、 was at least one highly reputed critic who persisted in believing it to be a Vermeer even after van Meegerens confession.Given the experts initial enthusiasm, some philosophers argue that van Meegerens painting must have possessed aesthetic characteristics that, in a Vermeer original, would have ju
38、stified the critics plaudits. Van Meegeren s Emmaus thus raises difficult questions regarding the status of superbly executed forgeries. Is a forgery inherently inferior as art? How are we justified, if indeed we are, in revising downwards our critical assessment of a work unmasked as a forgery? Phi
39、losopher of art Alfred Lessing proposes convincing answers to these questions.A forged work is indeed inferior as art, Lessing argues, but not because of a shortfall in aesthetic qualities strictly defined, that is to say, in the qualities perceptible on the picture s surface. For example, in its co
40、mposition, its technique, and its brilliant use of color, van Meegerens work is flawless, even beautiful. Lessing argues instead that the deficiency lies in what might be called the paintings intangible qualities. All art, explains Lessing, involves technique, but not all art involves origination of
41、 a new vision, and originality of vision is one of the fundamental qualities by which artistic, as opposed purely aesthetic, accomplishment is measured. Thus Vermeer is acclaimed for having inaugurated, in the seventeenth century, a new way of seeing, and pioneering techniques for embodying this new
42、 way of seeing through distinctive treatment of light, color, and form.Even if we grant that van Meegeren, with his undoubted mastery of Vermeer s innovative techniques, produced an aesthetically superior painting, he did so about three centuries after Vermeer developed the techniques in question. W
43、hereas Vermeer s origination of these techniques in the seventeenth century represents a truly impressive and historic achievement, van Meegerens production of The Disciples at Emmaus in the twentieth century presents nothing new or creative to the history of art. Van Meegerens forgery therefore, fo
44、r all its aesthetic merits, lacks the historical significance that makes Vermeers work artistically great.11 The word “dupe“(Line 2, Paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to_.（A）condemn（B） persuade（C） dishonor（D）deceive12 In the first paragraph, the author refers to a highly reputed critics persistence
45、in believing Van Meegerens forgery to be a genuine Vermeer primarily in order to_.（A）argue that many art critics are inflexible in their judgment（B） indicate that the critics at that time were not as knowledgeable as they appeared（C） illustrate the difficulties that skillfully executed forgeries can
46、 pose for art critics（D）suggest that the paining may yet turn out to be a genuine Vermeer13 Which one of the following most accurately express the main point of the passage?（A）The Disciples at Emmaus, Van Meegerens forgery of a Vermeer, was a failure in both aesthetic and artistic terms.（B） Forged a
47、rtworks are artistically inferior to originals because artistic value depends in large part on originality of vision.（C） The most skilled forgers can deceive even highly qualified art experts into accepting their work as original.（D）All critics tend to be unreliable judges of the aesthetic and artis
48、tic quality of works of art.14 In Lessings view, Van Meegerens work falls short in its_.（A）origination of a new vision（B） composition（C） technique（D）use of color15 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_.（A）it is probable that many paintings currently hanging in important museums are actual
49、ly forgeries（B） the historical circumstances surrounding the creation of a work are important in assessing the artistic value of that work（C） van Meegerens production of The Disciples at Emmaus in the twentieth century presents nothing new or creative to the history of art（D）A successful forger must originate a new artistic vision15 Researchers have both created and relieved symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)in genetically modified mice using a technique that turns brain cells on and off
