1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 362 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Whether an atheist or a creationist, the most researched arguments will incline towards the same conclusion: people are inherently evil. Creationists wh
2、o hinge the existence of man on the story as told by Moses in the book of Genesis must understand that, as backed? by the same book, God created both good and evil. If the account of creation is to be believed, then the creation of evil is also to be believed as a premeditated design of the creator.
3、 Evil can then be said as created to exist with the other creations. When Adam and Eve occupied the Garden of Eden, they only had to choose between living in obedience or disobedience. In this particular case, obedience can be said to be good while disobedience is evil. If God knows everything, then
4、 he could be said to know that Adam and Eve would disobey. Why then did he not remove the evil part so they could live in obedience forever? The answer is simple; Mans evil part is his free will. Stopping a man from being inherently evil is the same as imprisoning the man. The level of this imprison
5、ment does vary. Man did not become evil after eating the forbidden fruit. No, he was evil right from the dust. Mans free will is his tendency to choose evil when aware of the existence and consequences of both good and evil. What makes a man choose good ahead of evil is not his free will but things
6、that aim to check his free will. These include morals, laws, religion etc. From the creationist angle, all people are inherently evil.From the atheists angle, the well researched conclusion remains the same. In the first place, nothing can be more evil than chance and evolution. In this case, surviv
7、al depends on the elimination of the unfit for the fit to survive. In an evolutionary society that is not evil, both the fit and the unfit will have the same rights and an equal chance to survive. But this is not so. Every inclination of the evolutionary man, whether conscious or unconscious, is des
8、igned to beat his fellow man in the survival game. What can be more evil than this? Is it robbery, murder, war, genocide or rape? None. They are all the unpalatable children of the evolutionary mama. The need to survive gives birth to them all. All people are inherently evil. If i am not evil, then
9、i haven t faced the challenge to survive in an evil way.1 Creationism holds that_.（A）evil exists in every person as a natural attribute（B） mans evil part was elaborately designed by God（C） human beings were created to exist by the creator（D）good and evil were created simultaneously by God2 The autho
10、r challenges the notion that_.（A）Adam and Eve lived in the Garden of Eden（B） Adam and Eve chose to live in disobedience（C） male and female were simultaneous creation（D）evil originated from eating the forbidden fruit3 The author argues that good_.（A）was produced together with evil by God（B） results f
11、rom the constraint on free choice（C） a characteristic every person is born with（D）is what every human being pursues in life4 The author argues from the atheists angle that_.（A）the existence of God is out of the question（B） our destiny depends on chance and evolution（C） to eliminate the unfit for the
12、 fit is undesirable（D）the inclination to win the survival game is evil 5 The author primarily intends to show that_.（A）all men are born with an evil quality（B） the need to survive brings about evil（C） all men and women are created equal（D）both chance and evolution are immoral5 “The good news is that
13、 no existential catastrophe has happened,“ declared Nick Bostrom. “Not one. Yet. “ Bostrom, director of Oxfords Future of Humanity Institute, opened what he thinks might be the first ever conference to comprehensively consider the gamut of Global Catastrophic Risks. By existential catastrophes Bostr
14、om means that humanity has survived extinction so far. However, he quickly pointed out 99. 9 percent of all species are extinct. Bostrom cited the Toba super-eruption 73,000 years ago which may have produced a global winter that reduced the population of human ancestors to fewer than 500 fertile wom
15、en(though some disagree). Our Neanderthal relatives died out between 33,000 and 24,000 years ago. In Our Final Hour, Lord Martin Rees predicted that there was only a 50 percent chance that our civilization would survive to 2100.Bostrom justified the broad topic of global catastrophic risks by pointi
16、ng to common causal links, e. g. , super-volcanoes, asteroid strikes, and nuclear wars all have the potential to produce disastrous global cooling. Catastrophic scenarios also present common methodological, analytical, and cultural challenges. And, argues Bostrom, a wider view of potential catastrop
17、hes is necessary for the adoption of proper policies and informed prioritization. To assist in this effort, the conference is launching the eponymous volume, Global Catastrophic Risks.Bostrom did note that people today are safer from small to medium threats than ever before. As evidence he cites inc
18、reased life expectancy from 18 years in the Bronze Age to 64 years today(the World Health Organizations thinks its 66 years). And he urged the audience not to let future existential risks occlude our view of current disasters, such as 15 million people dying of infectious diseases every year, 3 mill
19、ion from HIV/AIDS, 18 million from cardiovascular diseases, and 8 million per year from cancer. Bostrom did note that, “All of the biggest risks, the existential risks are seen to be anthropogenic, that is, they originate from human beings“. The biggest risks include nuclear war, biotech plagues, an
20、d nanotechnology arms races. The good news is that the biggest existential risks are probably decades away, which means we have time to analyze them and develop countermeasures.Tomorrow, the Oxford conference on Global Catastrophic Risks will have more edifying presentations on proposals for recover
21、ing from social collapses occasioned by catastrophes: how to rationally consider the end of the world; how to avoid Millennialist cognitive biases; how to insure against catastrophes; how ecological diversity could affect human prospects; and the tragedy of the uncommons.6 By saying “existential cat
22、astrophe“, Bostrom refers to the catastrophe which _.（A）human species will not survive（B） few people survive if it happens（C） has happened to humans so far（D）results in the ruin of the earth7 Bostrom cited the Toba super-eruption to illustrate that _.（A）the extinction of a race is more than probable
23、（B） existential catastrophe is not totally impossible（C） human beings can hardly survive global winter（D）human population may be reduced to hundreds8 Bostrom argues that a wider view of possible catastrophe _.（A）keeps us informed of current prioritizations（B） helps us meet unexpected future challeng
24、es（C） reduces the likelihood of global catastrophes（D）contributes to the adoption of proper policies9 Bostrom noted that future existential risks _.（A）arise from human activities（B） are related to current disasters（C） can be avoided though dreadful（D）originate from new technologies 10 The dominant t
25、heme of the Oxford conference on Global Catastrophic Risks is_.（A）the possibility to recover from social collapses（B） the effect of ecological diversity on the future（C） whether humanity will survive the 21st century（D）how to combat the imminent global catastrophe10 In 1971, according to the Associa
26、tion of Departments of English, about eight out of every 100 bachelors degrees were awarded to English majors. Today, that figure stands at just a shade over four out of 100, with an equally precipitous decline evident in foreign literature enrollments as well. As the nations lit departments go begg
27、ing for students, they would do well to consult John Careys brilliant, funny, and insightful What Good Are the Arts, which makes a compelling and persuasive case that creative expressionespecially the written wordis absolutely central to a rich and thoughtful life. “Literature does not make you a be
28、tter person, though it may help you to criticize what you are,“ writes Carey, a former Oxford professor and author of, among other books, 1992s The Intellectuals and the Masses, a stunning reappraisal of British modernists as hate-filled class warriors terrified by the breakdown of social hierarchy.
29、 “ But it enlarges your mind, and it gives you thoughts, words and rhythms that will last you for life. “Ironically, in making his case for the arts, Carey spends most of his book tearing down what he considers specious justifications for them. Where Kant, Hegel and Schopenhauer argued for art as sa
30、cred, spiritual and transcendent, Carey insists simply that “anything can be a work of art“ and that standards of taste and beauty are irreducibly subjective. Nor does he have any sympathy for left-wing critics of mass art such as Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin, who viewed popular culture as a m
31、eans of social control. Similarly, new theories about aesthetics rooted in cognitive science and evolutionary psychology, while interesting, fail to explain the wide range of individual responses to specific pieces of art, not to mention changing tastes over time. If Carey finds no theory of the art
32、s fully convincing, he remains their adamant champion.In what smacks of special pleading, Carey contends that literature is first among the arts, mainly because it is the only art that is explicitly capable of reasoning. The chief implication of this is that literature can moralize in the best way p
33、ossible. Not in a William Bennett Book of Virtues sense, which holds that if people consume the right sort of messages, they will be upright citizens. Rather, Carey writes that the worlds boundless literary canon “is a field of comparisons and contrasts, spreading infinitely outwards“, challenging r
34、eaders to be more thoughtful about the past from which they spring, the present in which they live, and the future which they will create.11 John Careys work What Good Are the Arts _.（A）is popular in the world of literature（B） challenges readers to be thoughtful（C） reveals the value of literature to
35、 life（D）casts light on the decline of literature12 John Carey claims in his book that literature_.（A）enriches ones life（B） stimulates ones growth（C） inspires ones confidence（D）enhances ones reputation13 John Carey maintains that_.（A）nothing in ones life isnt a work of art（B） art is sacred, spiritual
36、 and transcendent（C） there are sufficient justifications for arts（D）standards of taste and beauty vary greatly14 John Carey thinks that new theories about aesthetics are_.（A）far from compelling（B） rooted in modern sciences（C） inconsistent with his theory（D）as convincing as they can be15 John Carey a
37、rgues that literature is_.（A）the only moralized form of art（B） both enlightening and instructing（C） full of comparisons and contracts（D）characterized as being reasonable15 The notion that we might need nuclear energy to stave off global warming makes me want to laugh and cry at the same time. It is
38、a self-fulfilling prophecy that began when Ronald Reagan took office in 1981 and promptly removed Jimmy Carters solar panels from the White House roof. It was not simply a symbolic act. Reagan also slashed alternative energy funding so deeply that it virtually put the solar industry out of business.
39、Alternatives are hampered today because Reagan was doing then what Bush is doing now: serving the interests of big oil, which seeks to squeeze out every last drop of profit from fossil fuels. The war in Iraq and other foreign policy actions today continue with that aim.And nuclear is not unlike oil
40、in that it is a very centralized industry, controlled by a few companies. It will enrich the few and further hamper progress for renewables. A decentralized energy future will be far better for an economy that wants to float all boats(not just yachts)while not having so many energy eggs in one baske
41、t. That nuclear might belong in the mix right now is only due to the climate predicament we are in because of our past sins. If undertaken at all, it should only be a bridge(a “necessary evil“)to a future powered instead by many forms of safe, clean energy sources. Much is happening now in that rega
42、rd, spurred by our almost sudden acceptance that global warming is real. Seattle wants to harness ocean power and provide electricity for 60, 000 homes. Similar projects are planned from Alaska to New York. Wind power has quadrupled since 2000 and, though wind is now only one percent of the U. S. po
43、wer grid, it is poised for a quantum leap; offshore wind projects are in various stages of development in Maryland, Texas , Massachusetts, New York and elsewhere. Hydrogen- and electric-powered cars are also likely to come online more quickly than we imagined even five years ago.Nuclear has far too
44、many problems, not the least of which is its waste, which will only become a bigger problem if its use proliferates. The waste stays radioactive for thousands of years and has to be buried underground. Even if plans for doing that are ever realized, deadly waste will need to be transported across th
45、e country, through communities, subjecting people to unacceptable risks. Nuclear is also still a large accident risk. Industry proponents claim that nuclear is safer today than ever before, but even a small malfunction or leak could have devastating effects. And even if Chernobyl-style meltdowns are
46、 not likely, nuclear facilities still emit low-level radiation, a potentially serious public health concern.16 The author thinks that the use of nuclear energy_.（A）hampers global warming effectively（B） to avoid global warming is doubtful（C） is inevitable with the shortage of oil（D）is necessary to ev
47、ade global warming17 By saying “It is a self-fulfilling prophecy“(Line 2, Paragraph 1), the author implies that it will become true that_.（A）nuclear energy is used more widely than today（B） solar panels are promptly removed from roofs（C） oil is to a large extent replaced by alternatives（D）alternativ
48、e energy funding is further curtailed18 President Bush is quite similar to Ronald Reagan in that he_.（A）makes the most of fossil fuels for profit（B） cuts alternative energy funding deeply（C） puts the solar industry out of business（D）serves the interests of oil monopolies19 To alleviate global warmin
49、g, various forms of safe, clean energy sources will be used in the future, a possible bridge to which is_.（A）wind power projects（B） ocean power projects（C） nuclear power stations（D）hydrogen-powered vehicles20 The author claims that nuclear_.（A）subjects people to less risk（B） is not unlike oil in its waste（C） is much safer than ever before（D）impedes the use of renewables考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 362 答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below
