1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 370 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 There is a common misconception that the single most important factor in science and development is the need for adequate funding for relevant research.
2、 This type of thinkingsometimes described as the “science push“ model of developmenttends to focus on the proportion of a countrys gross national product spent on research and development. But spending on research is part of a broader picture. An arguably larger role is played by government policies
3、 affecting the practical application of scientific knowledge. This usually involves embedding such knowledge in technological products and processes, what is widely described as “technology transfer“.Technology transfer has in the past often been demonised in many development policy circles as a pro
4、cess by which multinational corporations become rich at the expense of poor countriesselling them products they cannot afford and keeping them politically subservient by refusing to license technical know-how.But as developing countries have become increasingly integrated into a single global econom
5、y, such thinking has changed.For regions like East Asia or Latin America, effective technology transfer, tapping into the scientific and technical knowledge of not only researchers in the North, but increasingly their own, is now recognised as essential to economic growth and social prosperity. One
6、important theme to emerge is that technology transfer has become a complex business, with many different actors. But, just as important, is the fact that society s poorest sectors are often forgotten in technology transfer debates. Debates raised by the poverty gap between rich and poor countries ar
7、e being replaced by concerns about the gap within developing countries themselves. This should come as little surprise. In practice, the private sector tends to provide the most widely used channels for technology transfer. This is largely because the most effective mechanism for promoting rapid tec
8、hnology innovation is the market, with incentives for entrepreneurs and rewards, through patents, for inventors. But governments still share substantial responsibility for making technology transfer work effectively and in the national interest. They must, for example, invest in the capital and inte
9、llectual infrastructure needed for smooth technology transfer. This includes investing in university-based research and training, to ensure that a country has the knowledge and skills it needs to not only acquire but also use new technologies. Governments also need to regulate all transferred techno
10、logiesthese should not just be useful, but socially acceptable as well. Governments must develop public institutions that can make such a judgement, either by adopting international criteria(on safety levels, for example)or by developing criteria of their own.1 The phrase “a broader picture“(Line 1,
11、 Paragraph 2)refers to_.（A）GNP spent on research and development（B） the “science push“ model of development（C） the vital role played by government policies（D）the practical application of scientific knowledge2 It is believed right now that technology transfer_.（A）helps poor countries develop faster（B
12、） benefits multinational corporations（C） harms poor countries in many ways（D）affects many development policy circles3 The word “demonise“(Line 1, Paragraph 3)most probably means_.（A）regard（B） blacken（C） interpret（D）recognize4 In the authors opinion, the policies on technology transfer must_.（A）serve
13、 as an effective mechanism for social development（B） bridge the distinct gap between rich and poor countries（C） meet the needs of the poorest in developing countries（D）be as effective as possible and in the national interest5 The author suggests that in order to make effective technology transfer, g
14、overnments should_.（A）invest more in the intellectual infrastructure（B） go to great lengths to offer extensive support（C） regulate all technologies available for transfer（D）adopt higher criteria to develop public institutions5 “What can Iran teach us about good governance?“ is not a question often p
15、osed in Washington. But according to Benjamin Hippen, a transplant nephrologist in North Carolina, the Iranians have managed to do something American policy makers have long thought impossible: They ve found kidneys for every single citizen in need.As Hippen explains in a March report for the Cato I
16、nstitute, the Iranian government has been paying kidney donors since 1988. To avoid potential conflicts of interest, donors and recipients work through an independent organization known as the Dialysis and Transplant Patient Association. Donors approach the association on their own; they cannot be r
17、ecruited by physicians or referred by brokers with financial incentives. They receive $ 1,200 and limited health coverage from the government, in addition to direct remuneration from the recipientor, if the recipient is impoverished, from one of several charitable organizations. The combination of c
18、haritable and governmental payments ensures that poor recipients are treated as well as wealthy ones.Critics of organ markets often claim that where payments are permitted, altruistic donation will drop off. Hippen found this is not the case in Iran. The countrys deceased donor program, started in 2
19、000, has grown steadily alongside paid donation.(Posthumous donations are not remunerated.)During the last eight years, deceased donations have increased tenfold.Data on the long-term health of Iranian, kidney donors is mixed and inconclusive, so Hippen recommends that any U. S. system closely track
20、 donors and provide them with lifelong health care. Since many potential kidney recipients are currently surviving on vastly more expensive dialysis treatment(paid for by Medicare), providing donors with long-term health care is probably more cost-effective than the status quo. American critics cont
21、inue to lament that Iran failed to adopt the U. S. policy of banning payment for organs in the mid-1980s. “Carrying this reasoning to its conclusion,“ writes Hippen, “would entail admitting that in so doing, Iran would have also incurred our current shortage of organs, our waiting list mortality, an
22、d our consequent moral complicity in generating a state of affairs that sustains an international market in illegal organ trafficking. “ No other country has managed to eliminate its kidney waiting list; the U. S. has a list 73,000 patients long. Who should be advising whom?6 Benjamin Hippen thinks
23、that the Iranian government_.（A）outshines Americans in public policy making（B） has done something impossible for its citizens（C） sets an example in managing kidney transplant（D）teaches Americans how to improve management7 In Iran, kidney donors_.（A）are usually recruited by transplant physicians（B） r
24、eceive charitable and governmental payments（C） avoid accepting direct payments from recipients（D）join the Dialysis and Transplant Patient Association8 The deceased donor program in Iran_.（A）has been subject to some sharp criticism（B） permits payments in voluntary donations（C） needs the help of chari
25、table organizations（D）contributes to genuine altruistic donation9 Hippen suggests that the kidney transplant system in U. S._.（A）follow the long-term health of donors closely（B） provide kidney patients with better health care（C） free the kidney patients from expensive dialysis（D）reduce the cost of t
26、he expensive dialysis treatment10 If Iran had banned payment for organs, it would have_.（A）eliminated its kidney waiting list（B） avoided the criticism from critics（C） suffered severe shortage of kidneys（D）minimized illegal organ trafficking10 We are all compassionate in one way or another; at times
27、selective. Expressing compassion is inherently characteristic of us. Phenomenal tasks have been accomplished, oceans and mountains have been trekked across, and lives have been drastically altered because of compassion. It is our truest expression of love. Developing it as a way of life takes time,
28、patience, and the enlightenment of our spirit.We are here for our lifetime and ultimately we will die. In our lifetime we should strive to build character, develop good moral qualities, and be in tuned with our world and its needs. In order to be compassionate, we must put ourselves in “anothers sho
29、es“ and ask ourselves this question, “If it were me, what would I need or how would I feel?“ Each day should be a learning experience for us. As we encounter different types of individuals we find that some we seem to bond to naturally because of similar interest, ethnic background or other reasons.
30、 It is easy to love them like a family member or friend. But what about a stranger, coworker or neighbor who are different from us; one with different interests or one who may be just a difficult individual to get along with? Over time, we must learn to accept differences. Over time we must learn th
31、at an individuals actions are effects of experiences. It is these individuals who test our compassion.Love is the key factor that builds the foundation for compassion. First, we must know what love is. For if we do not know love, how could we love another? Once we develop love within ourselves we re
32、alize the goodness it creates and the wonderful satisfaction it produces. We all desire love. Expressing it fills a void for the receiver and giver. We must work at becoming tolerant and understanding to those who are different or towards those we dislike and realize that we are all individuals, eac
33、h with a special uniqueness. Some may not be open to your expression of love. That is okay because others will learn from your actions.We live on the same earth, we breathe the same air, eat the same foods produced from our earth, sleep under the same sun, moon and stars. We are a family and should
34、practice brotherly love. Compassion is not condoning to another s belief and behaviors. It is simply being sympathetic and understanding towards one another. By loving unconditionally, compassion follows. All you have to do is spread your love.11 The author believes that compassion_.（A）gives rise to
35、 the desire to alter lives（B） means to suffer together with others（C） is a great virtue everyone is born with（D）is a genuine manifestation of affection12 In order to cultivate compassion, we should_.（A）develop a deep empathy for other people（B） exercise patience and enlighten our spirit（C） learn to
36、get along well with everyone else（D）try every means to improve moral qualities13 According to the text, compassion is best manifested in_.（A）the feeling of sympathy and sorrow for another（B） wholehearted liking for or pleasure in someone（C） affectionate concern for the well-being of others（D）the lov
37、e for one who may be tiresome or annoying14 The author argues that love_.（A）is a strong feeling that everyone desires（B） exists in the heart of every human being（C） gives rise to ones compassion for others（D）produces both goodness and satisfaction15 To be compassionate, we should_.（A）excuse or forgi
38、ve what others believe and do（B） try to share the sentiments or ideas of others（C） treat each other with cordiality and generosity（D）be sincere and honest when talking with others15 Typically, the death of a language is discussed in the same vein as the disappearance of moas and passenger pigeons. T
39、he problem is actually more rampant than species attrition: A hundred years from now, todays 6,000 languages will likely number only 600.But thats not necessarily a bad thing.Now, to be clear, as someone who has taught himself languages as a hobby since childhood, I hardly rejoice when a language di
40、es. Languages can put concepts together in ways more fascinatingly different from English than most of us are aware. Yet supposing that we could keep 6,000 languages alive is like supposing that we could stop, say, ice from getting soft under the sun. As people speaking many indigenous languages mig
41、rate to cities, inevitably they learn globally dominant languages like English and use them with one another. Their children may use their parents indigenous languages at home. But they never knew the lifestyle that those languages were born to express, and will be more comfortable in the public lan
42、guage of the world in which they grow up. They will speak mostly the public one to their own children. This is how languages die.Many hope that we can turn back the tide with programs to revive indigenous languages, but the sad fact is that this will almost never be seriously effective. I once taugh
43、t a class of Native Americans their ancestral language in a summer program. This had the positive effect of helping them feel connected to their ancestors, but there was no possible way they were going to be able to converse in the language. In any case, language death is actually a healthy outcome
44、of diversity. If people speaking different languages truly come together, as the Beatles urged us, then they need to speak a common language. Then the age-old process begins: The first generation is more comfortable in the old language, the second uses it as an at-home language and the third knows o
45、nly some words and phrases. But cultural diversity persists despite the common language.When people use their distinct language down the generations, Its usually bad, indicating discrimination or segregationprecisely what “diversity“ fans would otherwise consider a scourge. Jews in shtetls spoke Yid
46、dish at home and other languages elsewhere because they lived in Jewish ghettos, not because they delighted in being bilingual.I hope that dying languages can be recorded and described, but their individual deaths are not something to be mourned. Indeed a single “world“ language would not be in itse
47、lf catastrophic.16 The underlined word “attrition“ in the first paragraph most probably means_.（A）reduction（B） alteration（C） evolution（D）variation17 The author believes that the death of a language is_.（A）not dissimilar to the decay of anything in nature（B） as unavoidable as the extinction of some s
48、pecies（C） even faster than the extinction of ancient animals（D）much similar to the disappearance of rare animals18 By citing his experience of teaching in a summer program, the author intends to show that_.（A）indigenous languages can be revived（B） a dying language can hardly be revived（C） language d
49、eath is a healthy consequence（D）only globally dominant languages persist19 According to the text, an indigenous language _ if people speaking it are isolated in a small area.（A）develops rapidly（B） perishes gradually（C） will eventually die（D）continues to be alive20 The author argues that the death of a language is_.（A）nothing special（B） something unusual（C） nothing regrettable（D）nothing but admirable考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 370 答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts.
