1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 372 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Africas unhappy distinction of being the worlds epicentre of HIV, the infection causing AIDS, is being challenged by Asia, from where 40% of the disease
2、s growth is forecast to come over the next few years. Already in China, contaminated blood transfusions in some villages have claimed the lives of most young adults, leaving only children and their grandparents alive. In Port Moresby, the capital of Papua New Guinea(PNG), about 60% of hospital beds
3、are now occupied by AIDS patients. Faced with predictions that AIDS could cost Asian and Pacific countries tens of billions of dollars a year by 2010, two initiatives involving co-operation between government, businesses and aid workers have been launched in Australia to try to stop its spread. The
4、first is a partnership between the Australian government and the(Bill)Clinton Foundation, a global body set up four years ago by the former American president to fight AIDS. Australia will provide A $ 25m($ 18m)to work with the foundation in China, Vietnam and PNG, mainly to supply tests and anti-re
5、troviral drugs. These are not necessarily the regions three most afflicted countries: India, where 5m people live with HIV, has the most cases outside South Africa. But they do pose a risk of HIV spreading beyond their borders, especially from PNG, Australias closest neighbour and its former colony.
6、Over the past decade, HIV has grown alarmingly in PNG to reach 50,000 estimated cases, about 2% of the adult population. Alexander Downer, Australias foreign minister, worries about HIVs potential to become a “national catastrophe“ there, possibly rising to 500, 000 cases by 2025. Unprotected sex ha
7、s driven most of the spread in PNG. In China(500,000 estimated cases)and Vietnam(260,000 cases), contaminated blood transfusions, prostitution and intravenous drug use are the main avenues.The government-Clinton coalition will work with a second co-operative effort involving Australian companies tha
8、t have operations in Asia. This has been formed through the Lowy Institute, a Sydney think-tank, which argues that AIDS, left unchecked, could prove another potential source of regional instability along with terrorism. Margaret Jackson, chairman of Qantas, Australia s biggest airline, who heads the
9、 business coalition, says having 8. 3m people infected with HIV in Asia and the Pacific threatens the economic life of Asia, especially that of China, Australias second-biggest export market. The outlook is grim: the number of sufferers is forecast to more than double to 20m by 2010unless rich count
10、ries, like Australia, start exporting their own successful experience in curbing AIDS.1 It is implied in the text that_.（A）Asia is becoming another epicenter of HIV in the world（B） most young adults are likely to be infected by HIV（C） blood transfusions are no longer considered safe（D）there are more
11、 AIDS patients in PNG than in China2 Australia has launched two initiatives to_.（A）lower the cost of Asian countries on AIDS（B） cooperate with government, businesses and aid workers（C） forecast more accurately how much AIDS could cost（D）prevent the rapid spread of HIV in Asia and Pacific countries3
12、The country afflicted most by HIV in Asia and Pacific is_.（A）China（B） India（C） Vietnam（D）Papua New Guinea4 In China, _ contributes most to HIV spreading.（A）prostitution（B） unprotected sex（C） intravenous drug use（D）contaminated blood transfusions5 Australia on its own initiative helps its neighbors c
13、urb AIDS most probably because_.（A）it is the richest among the countries in Asia and the Pacific（B） it is the only country with few AIDS cases in Asia and the Pacific（C） the economic life and regional stability might be threatened by unchecked AIDS（D）the number of AIDS patients is forecast to increa
14、se much faster5 Research on embryonic stem cells is controversial because it requires the destruction of live human embryos. Supporters find it easy to minimize the significance of this fact because the embryos are only a few days oldnothing more than “blastocysts“. But if its OK to destroy 5-day-ol
15、d embryos to further scientific inquiry, is it OK to destroy embryos that are five weeks old? Five months? Eight months? Science cant answer that question.You dont have to be part of the pro-life movement to have qualms about this kind of scientific inquiry. James Thomson, the University of Wisconsi
16、n biologist who pioneered the field, has said, “If human embryonic stem cell research does not make you at least a little bit uncomfortable, you have not thought about it enough. “ The presidents new order suggests we shouldnt think too much.In 2001, supporters of embryonic stem cell research called
17、 on Bush to allow experiments using “surplus“ frozen embryos in fertility clinics, arguing that they would be disposed of anyway. But Obama didnt limit his new policy to these fertilized eggs.On the contrary, he left open the possibility of funding studies using embryos created specifically so their
18、 cells can be harvestedwhich Congress has barred, but which some advocates would like to allow. The president took no position on whether scientists should be permitted to create embryos for the sole purpose of dismembering them for their stem cells.He did, however, reject another option. “We will e
19、nsure,“ he said, “that our government never opens the door to the use of cloning for human reproduction. It is dangerous, profoundly wrong and has no place in our society, or any society. “But this position is hard to square with his professed approach. On one hand, the president says his policy is
20、“about letting scientists like those here today do their jobs, free from manipulation or coercion“. On the other, he will use coercion to keep them from doing reproductive cloning.What this mandate means is simple: It may be permissible for scientists to create cloned embryos and kill them. Its not
21、permissible to create cloned embryos and let them live. Their cells may be used for our benefit, but not for their own.There lies the reality of embryonic stem cell research: It turns incipient human beings into commodities to be exploited for the sake of people who are safely past that defenseless
22、stage of their lives. Its a change that poses risks not just to days-old human embryos. The rest of us may one day reap important medical benefits from this research. But we may lose something even more vital.6 The author argues that research on embryonic stem cells is_.（A）ethically unacceptable（B）
23、scientifically ill-founded（C） useful in treating diseases（D）not worth rigorous debate7 It is implied in the text that pro-life activists_.（A）appreciate and accept Obamas new order gladly（B） support the research on embryonic stem cells（C） are skeptical of any kind of scientific inquiry（D）agree with t
24、he viewpoint of James Thomson8 The author indicates that President Obama tends to_.（A）prohibit clinics from using frozen embryos（B） allow creating embryos to get stem cells（C） finance studies on embryonic stem cells（D）restrict the disposition of fertilized eggs9 The author is skeptical of President
25、Obamas claim that_.（A）the restriction on human reproductive cloning will never be lifted（B） scientists are free from manipulation or coercion in their research（C） scientists may be allowed to create embryos for getting stem cells（D）the use of cloning for human reproduction has no place in U. S.10 Th
26、e policy change on embryonic stem cell research is worrying in that_.（A）human embryos may be turned into commodities for sale（B） all of us may suffer severe damage caused by the research（C） few people can get any medical benefit from the research（D）the newly created human embryos might be dismembere
27、d10 It seems unlikely that Andrew Speaker, the Atlanta lawyer who has been widely reviled for traveling by air after being diagnosed with drug-resistant tuberculosis, infected anyone. Notably, both those who condemn Speakers recklessness and those who sympathize with him agree the relevant question
28、is the danger he posed to other people, which was the justification for his forcible isolation in a Denver hospital. The case, of the TB-infected traveler helps clarify the grounds for government interventions aimed at preventing disease or injury.When Speaker left for his wedding and honeymoon in E
29、urope on May 12, he knew he had a drug-resistant strain of tuberculosis but did not know he had extensively drug-resistant(XDR)TB, a rare variety thats very hard to treat. He had no fever, he was not coughing, and tests of his sputum found no TB bacteria. He says his doctors had assured him he was n
30、ot contagious.According to Speaker, local public health officials, while recommending that he not fly, repeatedly told him he would not pose a significant threat to fellow passengers. That account is confirmed by Speakers father, who says he has an audio recording to prove it.While Speaker was in Ro
31、me, the CDC informed him he had XDR TB, told him he was on the U. S. “no fly“ list, and recommended that he report to an Italian hospital for indefinite isolation. Knowing his best shot at successful treatment was in Denver, Speaker took a circuitous route home, flying to Montreal and driving across
32、 the U. S. border.Speaker and his family insist he never would have traveled if he thought he might transmit tuberculosis to others.In situations like this, there is room for argument about how to balance the safety of bystanders against the civil liberties of disease carriers.But at least in dealin
33、g with potentially deadly microorganisms that move from person to person, the rationale for government action is to prevent people from harming each other. By contrast, much of what passes for “public health“ today is aimed at preventing people from harming themselves.Activists and politicians use t
34、he language of public health to legitimize government efforts to discourage a wide range of risky habits, including smoking, drinking, overeating, underexercising, gambling, driving a car without a seat belt, and riding a motorcycle without a helmet. Unlike tuberculosis, the risks associated with th
35、ese activities are not imposed on people; they are voluntarily assumed.In a society that loses sight of that crucial distinction, the government has an open-ended license to meddle in what used to be considered private decisions. Anyone who exposes himself to the risk of disease or injury becomes a
36、menace to public health.11 Andrew Speaker was isolated in a hospital, for he_.（A）had been diagnosed with tuberculosis（B） was forbidden to travel by air with TB（C） might pose danger to numerous people（D）might infect people around him otherwise12 Before traveling by air, Andrew Speaker_.（A）knew nothin
37、g about his disease（B） developed a rare variety of TB（C） had a highly contagious disease（D）had manifest symptoms of XDR TB13 Even after being diagnosed with TB, Andrew Speaker flied since_.（A）he might not transmit his tuberculosis to others（B） he had an audio recording of his fathers account（C） he w
38、as assured of no threat posed to other people（D）he was eager to have his wedding and honeymoon14 The author argues that the civil liberties of a patient with contagious disease are _.（A）generally reckoned to be of much value（B） less valuable than the safety of other people（C） of more value than the
39、safety of other people（D）not necessarily more important than others safety15 The author believes that, to ensure “public health“, the government should_.（A）intervene in peoples private decisions（B） discourage a wide range of risky habits（C） prevent people from harming each other（D）prevent people fro
40、m harming themselves15 The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology(FASEB)has just released a report on the career trajectories of young life scientists in the United States. It is likely to give pause to some of those currently considering graduate training as a route to a career i
41、n the academic life sciences.The survey finds that over two decades the number of academically employed life scientists in tenured or tenure-track positions has remained stuck at about 30,000, while the number of doctoral degrees awarded in the life sciences has doubled. The data also reveal a hard-
42、to-reach career getting farther out of reach. The age at which the average PhD holder receives his or her first full National Institutes of Health grant has risen from 34 in 1970 to 42 now. Postdocs, facing such a late start to their professional lives, are increasingly jumping ship to industry.Post
43、docs find themselves bouncing around the world from lab to lab, seldom earning much more than they would have done in their first year on the job market with their undergraduate degree. Funding is short, the hours are long, and prospects uncertain.Postdocs have occasionally attempted to band togethe
44、r in solidarity and seek a better settlement from their employers, the institutions and universities. But this movement has been stronger in the social sciences than in the hard sciences. The transient nature of the work, together with its convoluted employment structure, has made it difficult for t
45、hem to speak effectively with a single voice. Instead, the plight of the postdoc will probably change only if the issue of scientific training is addressed from the top, where it may be necessary to consider the possibility that too many scientists are being trained. There is an argument that, from
46、a national policy perspective, the current situation is ultimately productive. The pace of discovery is quickened by a sizeable workforce, and able scientists end up doing multiple jobs, most of them in the private sector of the economy. It might not be exactly what the students had in mind in the f
47、irst place, but the situation hardly constitutes a major cause for concern.But FASEBs data suggest that too many graduate schools may be preparing too many students, so that too few young scientists have a real prospect of making a career in academic science. More effort is needed to ensure that rec
48、ruitment interviews include realistic assessments of prospective students expectations and potential in the academic workplace. And training should address broader career options from day one rather than focusing unrealistically on jobs that dont exist.16 The word “trajectory“(Line 2, Paragraph 1)mo
49、st probably means_.（A）curved path（B） endless track（C） long journey（D）ultimate goal17 According to the report released by FASEB,_.（A）the career of young life scientists is unpredictable（B） few people can reach tenured or tenure-track positions（C） the academic career in the life sciences is hard to reach（D）one cannot become a life scientist without graduate training18 The text suggests that postdocs are_.（A）unable to start their academic career before 42（B） expected to
