1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 376 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 【F1】Water pollution involves the release into lakes, streams, rivers, and oceans of substances that become dissolved or suspended in the water or deposite
2、d upon the bottom and accumulate to the extent that they interfere with the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. It may also include the release of energy in the form of radioactivity or heat, as in the case of thermal pollution. Any body of water has the capacity to absorb, break down, or recycle int
3、roduced materials.【F2】Under normal circumstances, inorganic substances are widely dispersed and have little or no effect on life within the bodies of water into which they are released; organic materials are broken down by bacteria or other organisms and converted into a form in which they are usefu
4、l to aquatic life. But, if the capacity of a body of water to dissolve, disperse, or recycle is exceeded, all additional substances or forms of energy become pollutants.【F3】Thus, thermal pollution, which is usually caused by the discharge of water that has been used as a coolant in fossil-fueled or
5、nuclear-power plants, can favour a diversity of aquatic life in waters that would otherwise be too cold. In a warmer body of water, however, the addition of heat changes its characteristics and may make it less suited to species that are considered desirable.Pollution may begin as water moves throug
6、h the air, if the air is polluted. Soil erosion adds silt as a pollutant. The use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or other materials on watershed lands is an additional factor contributing to water pollution. The,runoff from septic tanks and the outflow of manures from livestock feedlots along
7、the watershed are sources of organic pollutants. Industries located along waterways downstream contribute a number of chemical pollutants, some of which are toxic if present in any concentration. Finally, cities and towns contribute their loads of sewage and other urban wastes.【F4】Thus,a community f
8、ar upstream in a watershed may receive relatively clean water, whereas one farther downstream receives a partly diluted mixture of urban, industrial, and rural wastes. The cost of cleaning and purifying this water for community use may be high, and the process may be only partially effective.【F5 】To
9、 add to the problem, the cities and towns in the lower, or downstream, regions of the river basin contribute additional wastes that flow into estuaries, creating new pollution problems.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 【F1】The agricultural sciences deal with the challenges of food and fibre production
10、 and processing. They include the technologies of soil cultivation, crop cultivation and harvesting, animal production, and the processing of plant and animal products for human consumption and use.Food is the most basic human need.【F2】The domestication and cultivation of plants and animals beginnin
11、g almost 10,000 years ago were aimed at ensuring that this need was met, and then as now these activities also fit with the relentless human drive to understand and control the Earth s biosphere. Over the last century and a half, many of the worlds political leaders have recognized what Indias Jawah
12、arlal Nehru did, that “Most things except agriculture can wait. “ Scientific methods have been applied widely, and the results have revolutionized agricultural production. Under the conditions of prescientific agriculture, in a good harvest year, six people can produce barely enough food for themsel
13、ves and four others. Advanced technologies have made it possible for one farmer in the United States, for example, to produce food for more than 100 people.【F3】The farmer has been enabled to increase yields per acre and per animal; reduce losses from diseases, pests, and spoilage; and augment net pr
14、oduction by improved processing methods.Until the 1930s, the benefits of agricultural research derived mostly from labour-saving inventions. Once the yield potentials of the major economic crops were increased through agricultural research, however, crop production per acre increased dramatically.【F
15、4 】Between 1940 and 1980 in the United States, for example, per-acre yields of corn tripled, those of wheat and soybeans doubled, and farm output per hour of farm work increased almost 10-fold as capital was substituted for labour.【F5 】New techniques of preserving food products made it possible to t
16、ransport them over greater distances, in turn facilitating adjustments among locations of production and consumption, with further benefits to production efficiency.From a global perspective, the international flow of agricultural technology allows for the increase of agricultural productivity in de
17、veloped and developing countries alike. From 1965 to 1985, for example, world trade in grains tripled, as did net exports from the United States. In fact, by the 1980s more than two-fifths of U. S. crop production was exported, making U. S. agriculture heavily dependent upon international markets.6
18、【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 【F1】 To explain why some countries grow more rapidly than others or why a country may grow more rapidly during one period of history than another, economists have found it convenient to think in terms of a “production function“. This is a mathematical way of relating
19、some measure of output, such as GNP, to the inputs required to produce it. For example, it is possible to relate GNP to the size of the labour force measured in man-hours, to capital stock measured in dollars, and to various other inputs that are considered important. An equation can be written that
20、 states that the rate of growth of GNP depends upon the rates of growth of the labour force, the capital stock, and other variables.【F2】A common procedure is to assume that the influence of the separate inputs is additivei. e. , that the increase in the growth of output caused by increasing the rate
21、 of growth of, say, capital is independent of the rate of growth of the labour force. This is the starting point of a great deal of current empirical work that attempts to quantify the importance of different inputs.【F3】Under certain assumptions, some reasonable and some patently false, it is possib
22、le to conclude that what labour and capital receive in the form of wages, profits, and interest is a fair measure of what they contribute to the productive process. Thus in the United States in the period following World War II the share of output going to labour was approximately 79 percent, while
23、the share of output distributed as “profits“ was 21 percent.【F4 】If we assume that these proportions determine how much we should weight the rate of growth of the labour force and of capital respectively in determining their contribution to the rate of growth of output, we must conclude that the rel
24、ative contribution of capital is slight.【F5】Alternatively,we may say that some given percentage increase in the rate of growth of the labour force will have a much larger influence on the rate of growth of output than the same percentage increase in the rate of growth of capital. This is a puzzling
25、result and can be traced to the assumption that the influence of separate inputs is additive.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 Many scientists consider physics as the prototype of a science, and indeed, physics exhibits a number of features which can be regarded as highly desirable. 【F1】For exam
26、ple, the phenomenon it deals with can be described in precise terms and the relevant variables quantitatively measured; an enormous variety of phenomena may be explained by means of a few fundamental laws, which are formulated in mathematical terms and allow physicists to make quantitative predictio
27、ns. It is therefore of particular interest to discuss what kind of assessment is used within the physical sciences. At the same time, the historical development of physics has taught us to exercise caution with respect to the goals which we may achieve.【F2】Though we are inclined to believe that the
28、laws of physics are fundamental, their development has shown that even such laws may be applicable only to certain classes of phenomena. When more refined measurements are made, phenomena may appear whose explanation requires still more basic laws. Examples are the laws of classical mechanics, which
29、 at the atomic level had to be replaced by the laws of quantum mechanics.【F3 】Mechanics valid for particles at comparatively small speeds had to be replaced by the theory of relativity for particles at speeds coming close to that of light.The belief in complete predictability has been shaken twice.
30、First, around 1925 with the advent of quantum mechanics, it became clear that at the microscopic, atomic level events cannot be predicted with absolute precision.【 F4】However, at the macroscopic dimension of our daily life these “statistical“ effects are wiped out, and we can safely predict the path
31、 of a rocket sent to the Moon or to Jupiter. But it has recently become clear that even in macroscopic physics some phenomena cannot be predicted with a certain precisionwhich sheds new light on the limits of weather forecasting. The corresponding phenomena are called “deterministic chaos“ and are t
32、he subject of research of new branches of theoretical physics(and mathematics). Finally, we must not overlook that, as in any other science, there are certain trends or “fashions“ which play a temporary role in the development of physics. Such fashions are typical of cooperative effects in the scien
33、tific community. For example, dispersion relations in high-energy physics were in vogue in this field for a while, but today few are concerned with the approach. In spite of these remarks, physics still possesses an enormous degree of precision. Even if a single event cannot be predicted with absolu
34、te precision, it is still possible to make statistical predictions which can be checked by repeating the corresponding experiment.【F5】This possibility distinguishes physics from the historical sciences, where the course of events can never be repeated. It might be worth mentioning that events in our
35、 brain can never be totally repeated, due to memory and to learning.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 376 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 阅读理解1 【正确答案】 水污染是把一些物质排放进江、河、湖、海所造成的。这些物质溶解于水中、
36、漂浮于水面或沉积于水底。这些物质积聚到一定程度以至影响了水生态系统的正常功能。【知识模块】 阅读理解2 【正确答案】 在正常情况下，排入水中的无机物质广泛散布于水中，对水中生物影响不大或根本没有任何影响；有机物质被细菌或其他有机物分解并转变成对水中生物有用的形态。【知识模块】 阅读理解3 【正确答案】 烧化石燃料的工厂或核动力工厂使用的冷却水排放出来后常常造成热污染。这种热污染对于那些较冷水域中生存的形形色色的水生物有益处。【知识模块】 阅读理解4 【正确答案】 远在水域上游的社区得到的水比较清洁，而靠近下游的社区得到的水中则混有稀释了的城市、工厂、乡村排放的废物。清洁水、净化水以供社区使用花
37、费很高，而且净化水过程只能取得部分成效。【知识模块】 阅读理解5 【正确答案】 位于河流下游区域的城镇还要向河水中排放废物，流入河口，造成新的污染，使问题变得更加严重。【知识模块】 阅读理解【知识模块】 阅读理解6 【正确答案】 农业科学要解决的是食品和纤维的生产和加工方面的难题。农业科学涉及以下几个方面的技术：土壤耕耘、作物栽培和收获、动物养殖以及对动植物产品加工以满足人类的消费和使用。【知识模块】 阅读理解7 【正确答案】 大约 1 万年前，人类开始种植植物，驯化并养殖动物。其目的在于确保人类对食品的基本需求能够得到满足。当时，和现在一样，这些活动也符合人类强烈的愿望：要理解并且支配地球生
38、物圈。【知识模块】 阅读理解8 【正确答案】 农民使用了先进的农业科学技术，已经有能力去提高每英亩土地以及每种动物的收益，减少病虫害和腐烂造成的损失，使用先进的加工方法去增加净产量。【知识模块】 阅读理解9 【正确答案】 例如美国，从 1940 年到 1980 年，玉米每英亩产量增至原来的 3倍；小麦和大豆每英亩产量翻了 1 番；随着资本取代劳工，每小时农业工作的效益几乎翻了 10 番。【知识模块】 阅读理解10 【正确答案】 有了保存食品的新技术，使远距离运输食品成为可能；进而有助于调节食品生产地点和消费地点，更有利于提高生产效率。【知识模块】 阅读理解【知识模块】 阅读理解11 【正确答案
39、】 为什么有些国家比另一些国家发展得快?为什么一个国家某个历史时期比另一个时期发展得快?经济学家已经发现用“ 生产函数”解释起来比较容易。【知识模块】 阅读理解12 【正确答案】 一般程序是假定分别投入所起的作用是叠加的。也就是说：例如，提高资本增长率所导致的生产率提高与劳动力的增长率无关。【知识模块】 阅读理解13 【正确答案】 在一定的假定下，有些假定是合理的，另一些假定明显站不住脚，可能会得出结论：劳动力和资本以工资、利润以及利息等形式所获得的收益公正地反映了他们对生产过程所作出的贡献。【知识模块】 阅读理解14 【正确答案】 如果我们假定这百分比能够用来确定劳动力和资本对生产增长率分别
40、起多大作用的话，我们必然得出结论：资本所起的作用相对来说比较小。【知识模块】 阅读理解15 【正确答案】 换言之，我们可以说，一定比率的劳动力的增长要比相同比率的资本的增长对生产率的增长所起的作用大得多。【知识模块】 阅读理解【知识模块】 阅读理解16 【正确答案】 例如，能够用确切的术语来描述物理学研究的现象，能够从数量上测量相关的变量；可以用为数不多的基本定律来解释众多不同类别的现象。这些基本定律是用数学公式表达的，可使物理学家从数量上作出判断。【知识模块】 阅读理解17 【正确答案】 虽然，我们倾向于认为物理学定律是基础性的定律，但是这些定律的演变过程表明，即使这些基本定律也只能适用于一定类别的现象。【知识模块】 阅读理解18 【正确答案】 适用于以较低速度运动的粒子的力学，对于以接近光速运动的粒子，必须用相对论取代。【知识模块】 阅读理解19 【正确答案】 然而，在日常生活的宏观事物中，这些“统计” 效应就不存在了。我们可以确切地预测出向月球和木星发射的火箭飞行的路径。【知识模块】 阅读理解20 【正确答案】 这种可能性正是物理学和历史学科的区别所在。历史上发生的事件绝对不会重现。值得一提的是，由于记忆活动和学习过程，人脑的思维活动也绝对不可能完全重复。【知识模块】 阅读理解
