1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 377 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 Much of the excitement among investigators in the field of intelligence derives from their trying to determine exactly what intelligence is. Different inv
2、estigators have emphasized different aspects of intelligence in their definitions. 【F1】For example, in a 1921 symposium on the definition of intelligence, the American psychologist Lewis M. Terman emphasized the ability to think abstractly, while another American psychologist, Edward L. Thorndike, e
3、mphasized learning and the ability to give good responses to questions. In a similar 1986 symposium, however, psychologists generally agreed on the importance of adaptation to the environment as the key to understanding both what intelligence is and what it does. Such adaptation may occur in a varie
4、ty of environmental situations.【F2】For example, a student in school learns the material that is required to pass or do well in a course; a physician treating a patient with an unfamiliar disease adapts by learning about the disease; an artist reworks a painting in order to make it convey a more harm
5、onious impression.【F3 】For the most part, adapting involves making a change in oneself in order to cope more effectively, but sometimes, effective adaptation involves either changing the environment or finding a new environment altogether.Effective adaptation draws upon a number of cognitive process
6、es, such as perception, learning, memory, reasoning, and problem solving. The main trend in defining intelligence, then, is that it is not itself a cognitive or mental process, but rather a selective combination of these processes purposively directed toward effective adaptation to the environment.【
7、F4 】For example, the physician noted above learning about a new disease adapts by perceiving material on the disease in medical literature, learning what the material contains, remembering crucial aspects of it that are needed to treat the patient, and then reasoning to solve the problem of how to a
8、pply the information to the needs of the patient. Intelligence, in sum, has come to be regarded as not a single ability but an effective drawing together of many abilities.【F5】This has not always been obvious to investigators of the subject, however, and, indeed, much of the history of the field rev
9、olves around arguments regarding the nature and abilities that constitute intelligence.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 Despite the basic biological, chemical, and physical similarities found in all living things, a diversity of life exists not only among and between species but also within every nat
10、ural population. The phenomenon of diversity has had a long history of study because so many of the variations that exist in nature are visible to the eye.【F1】It has been suggested that sexual reproduction became the dominant type of reproduction among organisms because of its inherent advantage of
11、variability, which is the mechanism that enables a species to adjust to changing conditions. New variations are potentially present in genetic differences, but how preponderant a variation becomes in a gene pool depends upon the number of offspring the mutants or variants produce(differential reprod
12、uction).【F2】It is possible for a genetic novelty(new variation)to spread in time to all members of a population, especially if the novelty enhances the populations chances for survival in the environment in which it exists. Thus, when a species is introduced into a new habitat, it either adapts to t
13、he change by natural selection or by some other evolutionary mechanism or else it eventually dies off. Because each new habitat means new adaptations, habitat changes have been responsible for the millions of different kinds of species and for the heterogeneity within each species.The total number o
14、f animal and plant species is estimated at between 2,000,000 and 4,500,000; authoritative estimates of the number of extinct species range from 15,000,000 up to 16,000,000,000.【F3】Although the use of classification as a means of producing some kind of order out of this staggering number of different
15、 types of organisms appears as early as the book of Genesiswith references to cattle, beasts, fowl, creeping things, trees, etc. the first scientific attempt at classification is attributed to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who tried to establish a system that would indicate the relationship of al
16、l things to each other. He arranged everything along a scale, or “ladder of nature“, with nonliving things at the bottom; plants were placed below animals, and man was at the top.【F4】Other schemes that have been used for grouping species include large anatomical similarities, such as wings or fins,
17、which indicate a natural relationship, and also similarities in reproductive structures. 【F5】At the present time taxonomy is based on two major assumptions; one is that similar body construction can be used as a criterion for a classification grouping; the other is that, in addition to structural si
18、milarities, evolutionary and molecular relationships between organisms can be used as a means for determining classification.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 With the publication of “On the Origin of Species“ by Means of Natural Selection, Charles Darwin in 1859 showed conclusively that species evo
19、lved and were not immutable over time.【F1 】This revolutionary idea permitted an explanation of the fossil record that did not need to invoke the Biblical story of the Flood or the view that all extinct animals and plants had perished as a result of this one global catastrophe. It became possible to
20、compare modern and fossil animals and to construct lineages through time that documented the changes that had occurred, and the distribution of fossil forms began to take on new significance. It became apparent that assemblages of fossils betray climatic preferences at any given time and climatic ch
21、ange through time.【F2】Another 12 years elapsed before Darwin applied his theory of evolutionand its mechanism, natural selection acting upon a pool of normal biological variationto the case of man; the delay more likely was because of lack of fossil evidence than lack of courage.【F3】The so-called Da
22、rwinian tautology, “The survival of the fittest is the survival of those best fitted to survive“, gives an insight into the adaptations of living organisms that lead to an increase in their chances of survival and of leaving more offspring than their rivals. The closer the adaptation to the environm
23、ent, the greater the chances of survival. This pathway leads to specialization: fish need water in which to swim, birds need wings with which to fly, koalas need eucalyptus leaves to eatnothing else will do.This approach to survival has its advantages but also its drawbacks.【F4】Should the environmen
24、t change suddenly, those who have gambled on specialization may lose, while those who have retained a generalized form and remained adaptable can adjust to the new situation and survive.【F5】On the whole, the order of Primates, which contains humans and their ancestors, has retained this approach, an
25、 evolutionary flexibility that has enabled primates to respond to change when it has arisen.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 【F1】 Computer science as an independent discipline dates to only about 1960, although the electronic digital computer that is the object of its study was invented some tw
26、o decades earlier. The roots of computer science lie primarily in the related fields of electrical engineering and mathematics. Electrical engineering provides the basics of circuit designnamely, the idea that electrical impulses input to a circuit can be combined to produce arbitrary outputs.【F2】Th
27、e invention of the transistor and the miniaturization of circuits, along with the invention of electronic, magnetic, and optical media for the storage of information, resulted from advances in electrical engineering and physics. Mathematics is the source of one of the key concepts in the development
28、 of the computerthe idea that all information can be represented as sequences of zeros and ones. In the binary number system, numbers are represented by a sequence of the binary digits 0 and 1 in the same way that numbers in the familiar decimal system are represented using the digits 0 through 9.【F
29、3 】The relative ease with which two states(e. g. , high and low voltage)can be realized in electrical and electronic devices led naturally to the binary digit, or bit, becoming the basic unit of data storage and transmission in a computer system.The Boolean algebra developed in the 19th century supp
30、lied a formalism for designing a circuit with input values of 0s and 1 s(false or true, respectively, in the terminology of logic)to yield any desired combination of 0 s and ls as output.【F4 】Theoretical work on computability, which began in the 1930s, provided the needed extension to the design of
31、whole machines; a milestone was the 1936 specification of the conceptual Turing machine(a theoretical device that manipulates an infinite string of 0 s and 1 s)by the British mathematician Alan Turing and his proof of the models computational power. Another breakthrough was the concept of the stored
32、-program computer, usually credited to the German-American mathematician John von Neumann.【F5 】This ideathat instructions as well as data should be stored in the computers memory for fast access and executionwas critical to the development of the modern computer. Previous thinking was limited to the
33、 calculator approach, in which instructions are entered one at a time.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 377 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 阅读理解1 【正确答案】 例如，在 1921 年举办的一次有关智力定义的研讨会上，美国心理
34、学家路易斯特曼强调抽象思维能力，而另一位美国心理学家爱德华桑戴克强调学习和对问题作出敏捷反应的能力。【知识模块】 阅读理解2 【正确答案】 例如，学校的学生为通过一门课程或取得优秀成绩必须学习所要求学的材料；给病人看病的医生碰到疑难病症时需要研究这种疾病；画家重画一幅画以使其更加传神。【知识模块】 阅读理解3 【正确答案】 在极大程度上，适应在于自身作出改变以便更有成效地去应付。但是，在有些情况下，富有成效的适应不是需要改变环境，就是需要寻找全然不同的新环境。【知识模块】 阅读理解4 【正确答案】 例如，上面提到一位医生需要研究一种新的疾病。他采用以下步骤进行自我调适：先在医学文献中查找有关该
35、疾病的材料；了解材料所包含的内容；记住材料中那些治疗病人所需要的重要内容；然后考虑如何把所获得的信息应用于给病人治病。【知识模块】 阅读理解5 【正确答案】 然而，对智力课题研究人员来说，这一点并非一直很清楚。实际上，这个课题的研究史主要是围绕智力的本质和智力所涉及的能力而进行的争论。【知识模块】 阅读理解【知识模块】 阅读理解6 【正确答案】 有人曾经提出：有性繁殖在有机生命体的繁殖方式中占支配地位，其原因在于有性繁殖所固有的变异性方面的优势。变异性是一种机制，能使物种自我调节以适应条件的变化。【知识模块】 阅读理解7 【正确答案】 某种遗传变异(新变异)及时扩散到一个生物群体的所有成员，这
36、是可能的。尤其当这种变异能提高该群体在其生存环境中的存活机会时，可能性更大。【知识模块】 阅读理解8 【正确答案】 虽然早在物种起源那本书中就使用分类方法把为数众多的不同种类的生物排列出了一个次序，书中提到的生物包括：家养牲畜、野兽、禽类、爬行动物、树木等。不过，真正从科学上首次尝试对物种分类还应归于希腊哲学家亚里士多德。他曾试图建立一个体系，来表明世界万物彼此之间的关系。【知识模块】 阅读理解9 【正确答案】 曾经用来进行物种分类的其他方法还有：根据解剖结构上存在的重大相似性分类，比如翅膀或鳍，这种相似性显示的是自然属性的关系；还可以根据繁殖系统结构的相似性分类。【知识模块】 阅读理解10
37、【正确答案】 目前，生物分类学基于两大思路：一个是可以用生物体结构的相似性作为物种分类的依据；另一个是，除了结构的相似性以外，还可以把生物在进化以及分子方面的关联作为决定分类的依据。【知识模块】 阅读理解【知识模块】 阅读理解11 【正确答案】 这种革命性的观念可以对化石记录作出解释，无须求助于圣经中大洪水的故事，也无须求助于那种认为由于这场全球性的灾难所有动植物都灭绝了的观点。【知识模块】 阅读理解12 【正确答案】 又过了 12 年，达尔文才把他的进化论应用于人类，其中包括进化机制、自然选择对众多的正常生物变异起作用。之所以拖这么长的时间与其说因为勇气不足，不如说因为缺少化石证据。【知识模
38、块】 阅读理解13 【正确答案】 达尔文所谓的赘述“适者生存就是最适应生存的物种才能生存” 对有机生命体的适应能力给以启迪。有机生命体的适应能力增加其存活的机会也增加使其比竟争对手繁殖更多后代的机会。【知识模块】 阅读理解14 【正确答案】 万一环境突然发生变化，那些完全依赖于高度特化作用的物种可能就会灭绝，而那些保持一般形态、有适应能力的物种则能适应于新的环境，存活下去。【知识模块】 阅读理解15 【正确答案】 大体上说，灵长类动物目，其中包括人类和其祖先，采取的就是这种策略，即进化适应性。这种进化适应性可使灵长类动物在环境出现变化时去适应变化。【知识模块】 阅读理解【知识模块】 阅读理解1
39、6 【正确答案】 计算机科学作为一门独立学科的历史仅仅可以追溯到大约 1960年。不过，电子数字计算机(该项研究的目标)早在此大约 20 年前就发明了。【知识模块】 阅读理解17 【正确答案】 发明晶体管，实现电路微型化，以及发明用以储存信息的电子、磁性和光学媒体都归功于电工学和物理学的发展。【知识模块】 阅读理解18 【正确答案】 在电力和电子装置中，可以轻松地实现两种状态(例如：高、低电位之间)的转变。这自然使得二进位数字，或比特，成为计算机系统储存和传送信息的基本单位。【知识模块】 阅读理解19 【正确答案】 20 世纪 30 年代就开始对该模式的可计算性进行了理论研究工作。该理论研究工作扩展了计算机整体设计思路，这种扩展思路是必不可缺的。发展的里程碑是 1936 年英国数学家艾伦图灵从理论上描述了图灵机(一种理论上可以用来处理无限长的“0”和“1”组成的数串的装置)，并且证明了这种模式机器的计算能力。【知识模块】 阅读理解20 【正确答案】 应该把指令和数据资料储存在计算机的记忆系统内，以便快速提取和处理。这个想法是现代计算机发展的关键所在。原来的思路仅仅局限于计算机的计算过程，计算时一次输进一个指令。【知识模块】 阅读理解
