1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 398 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Of all the components of a good nights sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspende
2、d and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise“the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that g
3、oes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the minds emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.“ And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to h
4、elp us sleep and feel better, “Its your dream,“ says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicagos Medical Center. “If you dont like it, change it.“Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleepwhen most vivid dreams occuras it is
5、when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain“) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dr
6、eams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.“ says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwrights clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier one
7、s before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we dont always think about the emotional significance of the days eventsuntil, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be le
8、ft to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With
9、much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, theres probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,“ Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insec
10、urity have increased people s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleepor rather dreamon it and you ll feel better in the morning.1 Researchers have come to believe that dre
11、ams（A）can be modified in their courses.（B） are susceptible to emotional changes.（C） reflect our innermost desires and fears.（D）are a random outcome of neural repairs.2 By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show（A）its function in our dreams.（B） the mechanism of REM sleep.（C） the re
12、lation of dreams to emotions.（D）its difference from the prefrontal cortex.3 The negative feelings generated during the day tend to（A）aggravate in our unconscious mind.（B） develop into happy dreams.（C） persist till the time we fall asleep.（D）show up in dreams early at night.4 Cartwright seems to sugg
13、est that（A）waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.（B） visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control.（C） dreams should be left to their natural progression.（D）dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.5 What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes ha
14、ve bad dreams?（A）Lead your life as usual.（B） Seek professional help.（C） Exercise conscious control.（D）Avoid anxiety in the daytime.5 To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing“. One such cause now seeks t
15、o end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal r
16、ights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly
17、 woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animalsno meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. W
18、hen assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.“ Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Dont worry, scientists will find some way of using computers. “ Such well-meaning people just don t understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a
19、compassionate, understandable wayin human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmothers hip replacement, a fathers bypass operation, a babys vaccinations, and even a pet s shots. To those who are unaware that animal r
20、esearch was needed to produce these treatments , as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt“ middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor
21、, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively
22、 recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the preciou
23、s embers of medical progress.6 The author begins his article with Edmund Burke s words to（A）call on scientists to take some actions.（B） criticize the misguided cause of animal rights.（C） warn of the doom of biomedical research.（D）show the triumph of the animal rights movement.7 Misled people tend to
24、 think that using an animal in research is（A）cruel but natural.（B） inhuman and unacceptable.（C） inevitable but vicious.（D）pointless and wasteful.8 The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public s（A）discontent with animal research.（B） ignorance about medical science.（C） indifferenc
25、e to epidemics.（D）anxiety about animal rights.9 The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should（A）communicate more with the public.（B） employ hi-tech means in research.（C） feel no shame for their cause.（D）strive to develop new cures.10 From the text
26、 we learn that Stephen Cooper is（A）a well-known humanist.（B） a medical practitioner.（C） an enthusiast in animal rights.（D）a supporter of animal research.10 Many are aware of the tremendous waste of energy in our environment, but fail to take advantage of straightforward opportunities to conserve tha
27、t energy. For example, everyone knows that lights should be switched off when no one is in an office. Similarly, when employees are not using a meeting room, there is no need to regulate temperature.Fortunately, one need not rely on human intervention to conserve energy. With the help of smart sensi
28、ng and network technology, energy conservation processes such as turning off lights and adjusting temperature can be readily automated. Ultimately, this technology will enable consumers and plant managers to better identify wasteful energy use and institute procedures that lead to smarter and more e
29、fficient homes, buildings and industrial plants.Until now, wires and cables for power and connectivity have limited the widespread adoption of sensor networks by making them difficult and expensive to install and maintain. Battery-powered wireless networks can simplify installation and reduce cost.
30、But their high power consumption and the corresponding need for regular battery replacement has made wireless networks difficult and costly to maintain. Nobody wants to replace hundreds or thousands of window sensor batteries in a large building on a regular basis.The promise of wireless sensor netw
31、orks can only be fully realized when the wiring for both the data communication and the power supply is eliminated. Doing so requires a true battery- free wireless solution, one that can utilize energy harvested directly from the environments. To facilitate the widespread deployment of wireless sens
32、or networks, Greenpeak has developed an ultra-low-power communication technology that can utilize environmental energy sources such as light, motion and vibration. This technology, employing on-board power management circuits and computer software to monitor energy harvesters and make the best use o
33、f harvested energy, enables sensors to operate reliably in a battery-free environment.Wireless sensor networks deployed in our offices and homes will have an enormous impact on our daily lives, helping to build a smarter world in which energy is recycled and fully utilized. These wireless platforms,
34、 equipped with advanced sensing capability, will enable us to better control our lives, homes and environment, creating a truly connected world that enables people worldwide to live in a more comfortable, safer, and cleaner environment.11 By “human intervention“ (Para. 2), the author refers to（A）the
35、 reduction of great energy waste in the environment.（B） the grasping of straightforward opportunities available.（C） acts like turning off lights when no one is in the room.（D）the adoption of smart sensing and network technology.12 Batteries are not an ideal energy source for sensor networks because
36、they（A）have to be replaced from time to time.（B） contain metals that pollute the environment.（C） require automatic recharging.（D）are difficult and costly to maintain.13 Battery-free wireless sensor networks are made possible by the fact that（A）there is energy in the environment to be utilized.（B） th
37、e cost of using them has been drastically reduced.（C） modern data communication consumes little energy.（D）their maintenance has been greatly simplified.14 According to the passage, Greenpeak（A）is the first company to install wireless sensor networks.（B） promotes the application of wireless sensor ne
38、tworks.（C） supplies batteries operating on harvested energy.（D）benefits handsomely from communication technology.15 Wireless sensor networks promise to（A）bring businesses high profits.（B） further develop the sensing technology.（C） turn motion into a major source of energy.（D）improve the daily lives
39、of people worldwide.15 Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, whether they are of sorrow, anger, or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating tragedy was the provocation. The observer of
40、tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging from recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.Hum
41、ans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears. Since evolution has given rise to few, if any, purposeless physiological responses, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to el
42、icit assistance from others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention. So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves.Indeed, the new stud
43、ies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress. University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response
44、to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to cut onion would contain no such substance.Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.At Tulane Universitys Tear Analysis Laboratory Dr. Peter Kastl and his
45、colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication, to determine whether a contact lens fits properly of why it may be uncomfortable, to study the causes of “dry eye“ syndrome and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental
46、 pollutants.At Columbia University Dt. Liasy Faris and colleagues are studying tears for clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. Tears can be obtained painlessly without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined analyses.16 It is known from the first
47、 paragraph that（A）crying usually wins sympathy from other people.（B） crying may often imitate people or even result in tragedy.（C） shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to Americans.（D）one who sheds tears in public will be blamed.17 What does “both those responses to tears“ (Para. 1) refer to?（A）
48、Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness.（B） The tear shedders apology and the observer s effort to stop the crying.（C） The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers.（D）Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tears.18 “Counterproductive“ (Para.
49、1) very probably means（A）having no effect at all.（B） leading to tension.（C） producing disastrous impact.（D）harmful to health.19 What does the author say about crying?（A）It must have a role to play in man s survival.（B） It is a pointless physiological response to the environment.（C） It is meant to get attention and assistance.（D）It usually produces the desired effect.20 What can be inferred from the new studies of tears?（A）Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears.（B） Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears.（
