1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 400 及答案与解析Part B (10 points) 0 In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks.Canadas premiers (the lea
2、ders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.Theyre all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pha
3、rmaceutical costs.【C1 】_What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health careto say nothing of reports from other expertsrecommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited ba
4、rgaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.【C2 】_But “national“ doesnt have to mean that “National“ could mean interprovincialprovinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national“ organization would be to negotiate b
5、etter prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one provinceor a series of hospitals within a province negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of se
6、ven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.【C3 】_A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian
7、Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial dea
8、l-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. Thats one reason why the idea of a national list hasnt gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.【C4 】_Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanows report selectively,
9、 especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.“【C5 】_So when the premiers gather in N
10、iagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.A Quebecs resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at
11、Laval University. Quebecs Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 percent!B Or they could read Mr. Kirbys report: “the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lo
12、west possible purchase prices from drug companies.“C What does “national“ mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.D The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to
13、 increase faster than government revenues.E According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it a
14、rises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.F So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from be
15、ing played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.G Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a dr
16、ug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldnt like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.1 【C1 】2 【C2 】3 【C3 】4 【C4 】5 【C5 】5 In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one
17、 from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks.On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several ye
18、ars of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35, 000 a year, lost approximately $175, 000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him
19、, as a good customer, a “Fun Card“, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the users gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls “electronic heroin“.【C1 】_. In 1997 he lost $21, 000 to one slot machine in two days
20、. In March 1997 he lost $72, 186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did
21、know he had a problem.In March 1998 a friend of Williamss got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williamss gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions“ l
22、etter. Noting the “medical / psychological“ nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical / psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.【C2 】_Th
23、e Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun . and always bet with your head, not over it.“ Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williamss suit charges that the casino, knowing
24、he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,“ intentionally worked to “lure“ him to “engage in conduct against his will.“ Well.【C3 】_The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling“ involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less
25、 of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.【C4 】_. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.【C5 】_Forty-four states have lotter
26、ies, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent onyou might say addicted torevenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 millio
27、n gamblers patronize 1, 800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web s most profitable business.A Although no such evidence was presented, the casinos marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings.
28、And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.B It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?C By the time he had lost $5, 000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he
29、 won $5, 500, but he did not quit.D Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.E David Williams s
30、 suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don t bet on it.F It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.G The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gamblin
31、g is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?6 【C1 】7 【C2 】8 【C3 】9 【C4 】10 【C5 】10 In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable
32、one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks.How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawin
33、g on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. 【C1】_You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved. Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehen
34、sion. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.【C2 】_Conceived in this way, comprehension wi
35、ll not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true“ meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world.【 C3】_Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. 【C4】
36、_ This doesnt, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the pageincluding for texts that engage with fundamental human con
37、cernsdebates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.【C5 】_Such dimensions of reading suggestas others introduced later in the book will also dothat we bring an imp
38、licit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesnt then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one ano
39、ther. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.A Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information?
40、 Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.B Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even cl
41、ose off others.C If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.D In effect, you try to reconstru
42、ct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.E You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validityinferences that form the basis of a personal respo
43、nse for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.F In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the authors own thoughts.G Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what w
44、e might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a texts formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.11 【C1 】12 【C2 】13 【C3 】14 【C4 】
45、15 【C5 】15 In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks.Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological ev
46、olution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection.【C1】_Am
47、erican social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modern anthropologythe scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefsthus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists. In his work, he attempted to show how al
48、l aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.【C2】_.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to an
49、thropology.【C3 】_.Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture .【C4 】_Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 19
